借鉴美日博士后制度促进我国博士后事业发展

我国的博士后制度是在借鉴发达国家培养高级人才经验的基础上诞生的，在17年的实施过程中，结合本国的国情，形成了自己的管理和培养特色。但由于这十几年正值经济体制转型期，计划经济时代制定的博士后制度、管理模式与现行的市场经济环境不免产生一系列矛盾。通过对美国、日本与我国博士后制度的比较研究，探索出可贵我们借鉴的经验和做法，以促进我国博士后事业的发展。     

日本刑事诉讼制度形成的法文化根基

八世纪以来的日本刑事诉讼发展史，就是一部不断学习外国先进法律制度的历史。现行日本刑事诉讼制度，更是通过对外国刑事诉讼制度的“移植”并成功“嫁接”而形成的。“法律移植”的成功对日本刑事诉讼制度的形成具有举足轻重的作用。笔者透过刑事诉讼制度本身，探析了日本成功移植外国法律并本土化的原因，并追溯支撑它的法文化根基。     

日本社会保障财政制度评价

日本的社会保障财政政策与中国有很大的不同。日本的社会保障财政支出涉及国家地方财政的各个方面，通过复杂的预算制度将资金支出。国家的普通预算将税收作为财源负责社会保障支出，而年金、医疗费等特殊预算则是将社会保险费作为特定的财源进行给付的，是从普通预算中划入特殊预算的。国家的社会福祉费和生活保护费以及保健卫生费当中，大部分都由厚生劳动省的国库负担金、补助金支付给地方公共团体。国库负担金用于以上用途的费用以及负担比例是由各个法律、条令规定的。本文通过对日本社会保障财政制度的研究学习，对日本社会保障财政制度的支出和收入进行评价，以此加深对社会保障财政制度的了解，有利于我国借鉴日本的经验教训。     

日本长期以来基于技术创新的制度基础分析

越来越多的研究表明，日本战后形成的独特的技术创新体系是在其独特的制度环境中发展起来的，两者互相促进与推动，实现了日本战后的高速增长。目前，日本面临着制度的转型，表现在技术创新体系上，就是要实现从技术引进基础上的市场驱动型创新体系向自主研究开发基础上的发现驱动型创新体系的转变。对技术创新活动的制度环境进行分析，则有助于明晰日本制度转型过程中的存在的难点以及制度演进的方向，更好地把握日本技术发展与经济增长的动态过程。     

简论日本的企业制度

简论日本的企业制度李彩云当代日本企业制度的特征可以概括为经营者支配的命运共同体，其主要内容如下：１、经营者支配。从企业的权力结构来看，日本大企业的经营者对企业拥有更大的支配权。这种支配权表现为在诸如有关企业的发展和利润的分配这些重大问题基本上由经营者...     

日本企业制度特征及其借鉴作用

战后日本经济奇迹般的高速增长使得日本企业经营管理方式声誉鹊起，在国际上引起了广泛注意和高度赞扬并为许多发展中国家竞相学习和效仿。目前，我国正在向市场经济体制迈进，如何有效地借鉴和学习其他国家先进的经验和方法，建立与社会主义市场经济相适应的现代企业制度是实现国有企业经营机制转换的关键。因此研究日本企业制度特征，借鉴其成功的经验和方法，对于促进中国国有企业的改革和发展，无疑是有积极意义的。一、日本企业制度特征现代日本企业制度是以股份制为中心的。股份制作为现代企业制度，在19世纪末才由西方传入日本。但与…     

日本股票市场的现实问题及其对中国的启示

日本股票市场的现实问题及其对中国的启示官永久日本是当今世界上股份公司最为普及的国家之一。股票市场做为现代股份公司制度建立和正常运行的基础，在日本股份公司制度的发展，乃至整个日本经济的发展过程中发挥了不可忽视的作用。日本股票市场取得的成就是其他任何国家...     

日本的雇员发明制度

日本的雇员发明制度中国专利局法律部吴宁燕，耿业忠日本企事业采用的雇员发明制度最初是作为一种对雇员发明的补偿而建立的。到现在，它仍然是一种有意义的支持雇员发明活动的措施。为了使科技人员在最大的范围内成为发明者，对其进行培训是很必要的。近年来，日本在一些...     

日本企业人力资源管理与开发新动向

日本企业人力资源管理系统的基石起源于20世纪20年代的长期雇佣、年功序列和企业内工会制，一直延续到战后高度经济成长时期。但在日本迈入经济成热期后，由于没有经济增长的支持，企业破产增加、工作岗位减少、经济效益下降、劳动力流动加剧，这套制度已经不适用了。日本企业为了解决这个问题，近年来，日本企业对传统的长期雇佣制、年功序列等进行了根本的改革，打破了长期雇佣的思想，提倡能力主义和竞争性地选拔人才，引进美国的职能资格制度，这些改革正在动摇和突破日本传统的人力资源管理系统。     

日本的财政结构改革

日本财政无论是国债依存度、长期债务，还是财政赤字指标，目前都是世界发达国家中最坏的国家之一。这样的财政状况使日本国民对政府产生了强烈的改革现行财政制度和财政结构的愿望和要求。基于这种认识，小泉内阁在2001年6月推出了经济财政运营和结构改革的基本方针，把财政结构改革作为总体经济结构改革的重要支柱，指出日本今后财政结构改革的总     

Employment tenure,job expectancy,and earnings profile in Japan

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between employment tenure and earnings profile in Japan. Since the Japanese labour market has recently experienced substantial changes, it is natural for the Japanese employment and compensation system to be influenced by such changes. In this study, the changes that have happened to the Japanese employment and compensation system in recent years have been considered empirically by focusing on the relationships between employment tenure and earnings profiles. To do this, a forward-looking variable called ‘expected job tenure (or job expectancy)’ is introduced and the effects of it on earnings profile.     

Inequality in Japan*

This paper analyzes income inequality, based on government income statistics and an attitude survey. First, the paper describes the present income inequality in Japan by using Gini coefficients, the income share of the top and bottom income classes, and mobilities among income classes. Second, by using the Japan–USA international survey, this paper analyzes the cause of the increasing awareness that Japan's income gap is widening. In these two countries, their distinct value judgments about the causes for the gap influence how they perceive it. The Japanese have negative perceptions about the income gap because they perceive it to be influenced by talent, academic background, or luck, and this perception seems relatively uncommon in the USA. A large percentage of Japanese also think one's income is decided by talent, academic background, or luck, although it should not be. Such disagreements between the desired and perceived determinants of income are thought to raise their negative perception of the gap.     

日本治理大气污染的主要做法及其启示

通过分析、阐述日本治理人为大气污染源的具体做法和措施,以及介绍日本大气质量监测管理体系和信息发布睛况,可以了解到：日本政府坚持污染治理原则,严格执法,加强技术开发,推动全社会共同参与,实现了污染治理和经济增长的同步发展。日本治理大气污染的成功经验,值得借鉴和吸收。     

Technological innovation and diffusion of wind power in Japan

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the diffusion of wind power in Japan by focusing on the value chain and the interaction between technology and markets and to contribute towards recommendations on technology policy and management. This paper proposes a framework for analyzing the early stage diffusion of wind power systems by combining the use of several approaches considering wind power system as a complex technological system. Firstly, the business system approach is used as an analytical framework by focusing on efficiency, effectiveness and development criteria. As a second approach, the technological trajectory was analyzed based on the concept of technological disequilibrium and the evolutionary patterns of innovation of wind power generation systems were analyzed and the relationship between innovations at the sub-system, modular, and system level was identified. We apply the framework to investigate why wind power diffusion has not picked up momentum in Japan.The results include the following: (1) Technological imbalances within the product system were solved by technological innovation (2) The wind power business in Japan is insufficiently effective due to organizational disequilibrium (3) The technology system has begun to evolve in the direction of micro grid systems. (4) It is important to consider the demand-pull measures for wind power generation so that Japanese institution can have a “time slot” for ”learning by doing” to catch up and accelerate diffusion of wind power generation, including institutional reform of RPS law. Also further technological development related to stabilizing unstable wind energy is required.     

Foresight with Delphi Surveys in Japan

Foresight activities are conducted in many countries, but the Japanese were the most active in this field for many years. Most of their activities are based on the Delphi methodology. They published their first Delphi study in 1971 and repeated studies every five years. There is more knowledge available on more than 30 years of foresight with the Delphi approach in Japan. This provides an excellent opportunity to examine the established foresight system with the use of some examples. The forecast of the fax machine as an example of success, and the earthquake warning as a failure are illustrated in more detail, and the question is raised why—in spite of this mixed picture—foresight with the Delphi method is regarded as useful in Japan.     

Foresight with Delphi Surveys in Japan

Foresight activities are conducted in many countries, but the Japanese were the most active in this field for many years. Most of their activities are based on the Delphi methodology. They published their first Delphi study in 1971 and repeated studies every five years. There is more knowledge available on more than 30 years of foresight with the Delphi approach in Japan. This provides an excellent opportunity to examine the established foresight system with the use of some examples. The forecast of the fax machine as an example of success, and the earthquake warning as a failure are illustrated in more detail, and the question is raised why—in spite of this mixed picture—foresight with the Delphi method is regarded as useful in Japan.     

基于产业创新系统的中、印、日技术赶超案例分析

通过回顾产业创新系统理论的研究文献,发现可将影响产业技术赶超路径的因素分为3个层面——知识技术、参与主体以及制度法规。结合产业技术赶超的作用路径,构建了机制模型,并以印度制药产业、中国生物产业、日本电子产业为例展开分析。结果表明:不同产业对知识技术投入、参与主体协同、制度法规制定的倚重程度不同;只有根据各产业的特点来选择技术赶超路径,才能充分发挥产业创新系统的驱动作用,实现技术赶超。     

德国和日本有机农产品流通体系的比较及其启示

德国有机农产品主要通过天然食品店、有机食品专卖店、超市等渠道销售给消费者,日本有机生产者主要是通过替代营销系统销售有机农产品。借鉴德国和日本的经验,从我国国情出发,本文提出当前我国可重点建立和完善“销售龙头企业带动式”和“产销直挂式”相结合的流通模式,以解决当前我国有机农产品市场发展中“信任危机”问题。     

Japanese spirit,Western economics: the continuing salience of economic nationalism in Japan

This paper outlines the contours of a new research agenda for the analysis of food price crises. By weaving together a detailed quantitative examination of changes in corporate profit shares with a qualitative appraisal of the restructuring in business control over the organisation of society and nature, the paper points to the rapid ascendance of a new power configuration in the global political economy of food: the Agro-Trader nexus. The agribusiness and grain trader firms that belong to the Agro-Trader nexus have not been mere ‘price takers’, instead they have actively contributed to the inflationary restructuring of the world food system by championing and facilitating the rapid expansion of the first-generation biofuels sector. As a key driver of agricultural commodity price rises, the biofuels boom has raised the Agro-Trader nexus's differential profits and it has at the same time deepened global hunger. These findings suggest that food price inflation is a mechanism of redistribution.     

Dividend policies in Australia and Japan

This paper presents the findings of a comparative study of dividend policies in Australia and Japan. It examines panel data from the constituent stocks of the ASX 200 Index of the Australian stock market and the Nikkei 225 Index of the Japanese stock market. The evidence that Australia, with an imputation tax system which favors dividends over capital gains, has a significantly higher dividend payout than Japan lends support to the influence of environment on dividend policy. Dividend policies in Australia and Japan are affected by different financial factors. Fixed effects regression models indicate that dividend policies are affected positively by size in Australia and liquidity in Japan, and negatively by risk in Japan only. An industry effect is found to be significant in both countries.