非对称信息供应链激励机制模型研究

针对单个制造商和单个零售商所组成的二级供应链,基于市场需求为指数形式,分别建立了对称信息下的供应链模型以及以零售商的单位营销支出为类型的非对称信息激励模型。首先,研究了对称信息情况下的集中控制模型和分散模型的最优解;其次,在对称信息的基础上,运用极值原理得到了激励模型的最优解;最后运用数值仿真对模型进行分析。结果表明,所设置的激励机制对整个供应链的收益有改善作用。     

不对称信息的供应链激励机制研究

研究由单个制造商和单个零售商组成二级供应链,基于市场需求是线性的,且受价格与销售努力的影响。首先,研究在对称信息下,集中模式和分散模式两种情况下的供应链,求出制造商和零售商使得利润达到最优时的最优批发价及销售价;其次,研究了在信息不对称情况下,制造商的机制设计问题,得到了制造商激励批发价的表达式以及零售商的最优零售价的公式;最后利用实例仿真对模型进行分析,结果表明该激励机制对整个供应链的收益有改善作用。     

逆向选择下的VMI最优合同设计

讨论了在基于VMI的供应链中,作为核心企业的零售商如何应用信息甄别模型解决逆向选择的问题。通过建立信息甄别模型并分析了信息对称和不对称两种情况下的最优合同,为零售商制定有效的激励合同提供依据。     

引入供应商的公平偏好的供应链激励契约设计

利用委托代理模型研究了零售商具有公平偏好情况下的二级供应链委托代理问题.在假设零售商具有公平偏好以及零售商的最大努力水平和最小努力水平可预测的前提下,分别设计了对称信息和不对称信息两种情况下的供应链激励契约.     

信息不对称下的供应链契约设计

针对一个供应商与多个独立零售商组成的二级供应链,建立了零售商类型为其私人信息下的Stackelberg博弈模型。分析表明,文中提出的线性转移支付契约不仅可以激励零售商说出其真实类型,而且可以激励零售商积极进行业务流程重组、提高管理效率,增强供应链竞争力;但与信息对称情况下相比,供应商期望利润有所降低,且整个供应链存在效率损失。最后用实例验证了上述结论,并分析了零售商进行流程重组后的管理效率对供应链利润和效率的影响。     

信息类假设对供应链协同机制研究的影响

通过分析信息确定性和信息对称假设下博弈结果产生的诸多不合理现象,发现供应链协同基本模型的信息类假设虽然能为研究者提供较便捷的模型求解过程,呈现供应链运作机理较快速和直观的解释,但却存在零售商零利润与参与激励、长期市场与短期假设、生产商零激励与零售商追求市场准确信息、博弈均衡与结果对扰动的超敏感性、成员理性与不合作等诸多矛盾。进而基于需求预测的准确性、需求波动的存在性、信息不对称的干扰等方面的深入分析,给出了矛盾产生的内在原因和解决策略,从而为供应链协同机制研究提供理论支持。     

信息类假设对供应链协同机制研究的影响

通过分析信息确定性和信息对称假设下博弈结果产生的诸多不合理现象,发现供应链协同基本模型的信息类假设虽然能为研究者提供较便捷的模型求解过程,呈现供应链运作机理较快速和直观的解释,但却存在零售商零利润与参与激励、长期市场与短期假设、生产商零激励与零售商追求市场准确信息、博弈均衡与结果对扰动的超敏感性、成员理性与不合作等诸多矛盾.进而基于需求预测的准确性、需求波动的存在性、信息不对称的干扰等方面的深入分析,给出了矛盾产生的内在原因和解决策略,从而为供应链协同机制研究提供理论支持.     

供应链环境下双边道德风险的激励机制研究

研究在双边道德风险下供应链应如何设计激励机制。从制造商的视角运用博弈论、委托代理理论构建了一个由风险中性的制造商和一个风险中性的零售商组成的二级供应链在双边道德风险下最优的报酬契约,借助模型分析得出:在双边道德风险下,双方的努力水平总是低于信息对称条件下的努力水平。同时,在双边道德风险的契约设计中,制造商通过对收益分享系数的设计,可以降低双边道德风险,激励双方合作。     

信息不对称下考虑消费者品牌偏好的激励策略

在需求信息不对称和消费者具有品牌偏好的背景下,本文通过构建stackelberg博弈模型,研究了零售商需求信息共享和不共享两种情况对供应链的影响。研究表明:预测信息精度、品牌敏感系数提高有利于供应链整体利润提高,而品牌投入成本系数增加降低了供应链整体利润;需求信息共享使得零售商利润减少,但龙头企业从信息共享中获利;通过龙头企业对零售商信息共享激励,可以实现零售商和龙头企业的双赢。因此,零售企业要以顾客为导向,了解顾客需求的变化,提高信息搜集和识别能力。制造企业一方面要加强品牌建设,提高品牌的知名度和美誉度,通过品牌建设提高企业竞争力;另一方面要加强供应链伙伴间协作,建立收益共享的利润分配机制。     

销售商成本信息不对称下的两阶段供应链协调

以往的文章研究了由单个供应商和单个销售商组成的供应链协调问题,给出了双方合作时的供应链协调模型,这些都是以信息共享为基础,但是现实中信息不对称使得供应链协调模型的有效性受到了冲击。为避免这种现象的发生,论文在双方合作的基础上建立了供应链双方在需求信息不对称情形下的协调模型。该模型在供应链双方协商分享供应链利润的条件下,运用激励机制使销售商诚实申报成本信息,在实现供应链利润最大化的同时使供应链成员实现双赢。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Ansätze und Ergebnisse anglo-amerikanischer M&A-Forschung

Based on a review of established U.S. management journals (1995–2003), six schools of thought are identified within the Anglo-American M&;A research: “Capital Market”, “Principal/Agent”, “Industrial Organization”, “Organizational Behavior”, “Human Resources” and “Strategic Management”. The literature review shows that the definition of M&;A success, the methods applied, and insights from empirical research differ according to the respective school of thought. Empirical studies focus on the resource combinations of merger partners, the specific circumstances of merger negotiations, and on integration management as antecedents of merger performance. Unfortunately, empirical findings have not yet provided reliable explanations for M&;A success. Based on the current state of Anglo-American M&;A research, the authors discuss implications for business practice, identify research gaps, and propose areas for future research.     

Introduction of New Technology with a Sound Transition of the Input-Output Structure

We examine the general equilibrium repercussions associated with the introduction of new technologies, using the generalized Leontief system that allows technological substitutions. We show that an untested introduction of cost-increasing technologies in any industry may result in creating a non-productive technological structure that does not satisfy the Hawkins-Simon condition, following the autonomous dynamic adjustment process with structural transitions in the economic system. Therefore, we propose a practicable control scheme of introducing cost-increasing technologies that strictly avoids the creation of non-productive structures in all periods of structural transition, using the available information on the ex ante technological structure.     

The Creation of the Office for National Statistics

A new Office for National Statistics was created in the United Kingdom in 1996 following a series of developments designed to strengthen the relevance and integrity of statistics. This paper describes these fundamental changes and sets out a blueprint for future progress. It also sets current developments in the United Kingdom in an historical and international context.     

What helps? Women engineers' accounts of staying on

We have considerable understanding of the obstacles that women engineers encounter and the reasons that they leave the field, but we know less about what enables them to remain. Adopting an interpretivist approach, this article examines how a group of British women engineers in two FTSE 100 companies account for “staying on” in their male‐dominated work settings. We delineate four specific forms of help that facilitate women's retention in the field. We argue that exposure to help leads to women developing a habitus that enables them to continue working in engineering. To conclude, we draw on our findings to outline HR practices that will facilitate supportive relationships in the workplace and pave the way towards developing more positive organisational climates.     

论现代物流企业的发展观

物流业经过诸多年的发展目前已经成为最热门的行业之一,物流企业的注册数量也与日俱增,达到前所未有的规模。毋庸置疑,任何企业都希望自己迅速做强做大,并成为真正现代物流企业的典型代表,要实现这一目标一个首要问题就是要解决现代物流企业的发展观问题。