A goal programming model for achieving racial balance in public schools

This paper develops a goal programming model for achieving racial balance in segregated public schools. The model is illustrated and offered as an improvement upon linear programming, a model previously applied in the literature which allows a single objective function only and, in comparison with goal programming, requires more variables and constraints. Goal programming, a member of the general multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) model, improves upon these among other disadvantages thereby emerging as a more efficient tool for student assignment problems.     

Quest for appropriate overcapacity in the fisheries industry

The effective management of natural resources is a critical issue that concerns many people with differing interests. This paper examines aspects of overcapacity and optimal capacity within fisheries by accounting for multiple objectives. Overcapacity arises when a fishing fleet is capable of producing more than what is demanded at the industry level, or allowed by a regulatory framework. The presence of multiple objectives within fisheries management is most often an unavoidable reality, where the objectives determine what level of overcapacity is considered optimal. A two-stage model is suggested that can produce information for management in terms of tradeoffs, policy frontiers, objective values and optimal fleet structure. In the first stage, an output-based Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model is applied. Efficiency is evaluated and production units transformed such that they use technologically efficient inputs and produce at their full potential. In the second stage, these transformed units are included in an aggregate industry model formulated as a multi-objective optimization program. The model provides information for managers in terms of tradeoffs, policy frontiers, objective values, and optimal fleet structure (by generating Pareto optimal solutions). The proposed model has then been applied to the Danish commercial fishing fleet.     

A goal programming-discriminant function approach to the estimation of an empirical production function based on DEA results

This paper describes a new frontier estimation procedure which relies on results obtained from Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The paper reviews some of the earlier works in this area and points out potential difficulties with them. It further suggests ways to validate such developments. A procedure is constructed on the basis of a Goal Programming (GP)-Discriminant Function model developed in stages during the 1980s. A numerical example is used to illustrate the proposed procedure. Then, an extensive simulation in which the GP-based procedure is compared to three regression-based techniques is presented. The simulation results clearly indicate the superiority of the proposed technique over the regression alternatives.     

Defining efficient policies in a general equilibrium model: a multi-objective approach

Macroeconomic policy makers are typically concerned with several indicators of economic performance. We thus propose to tackle the design of macroeconomic policy using Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques. More specifically, we employ Multi-objective Programming (MP) to seek so-called efficient policies. The MP approach is combined with a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. We chose use of a CGE model since it has the dual advantage of being consistent with standard economic theory while allowing one to measure the effect(s) of a specific policy with real data. Applying the proposed methodology to Spain (via the 1995 Social Accounting Matrix) we first quantified the trade-offs between two specific policy objectives: growth and inflation, when designing fiscal policy. We then constructed a frontier of efficient policies involving real growth and inflation. In doing so, we found that policy in 1995 Spain displayed some degree of inefficiency with respect to these two policy objectives. We then offer two sets of policy recommendations that, ostensibly, could have helped Spain at the time. The first deals with efficiency independent of the importance given to both growth and inflation by policy makers (we label this set: general policy recommendations). A second set depends on which policy objective is seen as more important by policy makers: increasing growth or controlling inflation (we label this one: objective-specific recommendations).     

A management planning model for the delivery of family planning services

A management planning model for the delivery of family planning services is presented. Markovian probabilistic properties have been adapted for projecting patient flow for a set of various alternative strategies for scheduling patient visits in a health care system. By quantitatively formulating the scheduling problem in terms of pertinent inputs, management objectives and imposed restrictions, optimization of patient flow in the system for efficient utilization of health care resources is achieved through standard linear programming techniques.     

A feasibility study of economic and environmental scenarios by means of interactive multiple goal programming

In this paper we describe our experiences with the application of a multiple criteria decision method (IMGP=Interactive Multiple Goal Programming) for the evaluation of economic policy in the Netherlands. An uncommon aspect of this study is that the multiple criteria decision method was not used to find an optimal solution, but rather to test the attainability of a number of contrasting scenarios for economic development. These scenarios are intended to represent the main options for the development of the Netherlands in the eighties. Within the framework of a broader research project (labeled Policy-Oriented Survey of the Future), these scenarios are linked to characteristic political views.     

基于极限编程的软件质量管理

极限编程是一种轻量型、敏捷软件开发方法,它尤其适于中小软件企业。文章探讨了在极限编程架构中如何开展软件质量管理,并指出了极限编程对于我国软件行业的指导意义和应用前景。     

Optimal control of linear econometric models with intermittent controls

Dynamic Programming is used to derive the optimal feedback solution to the minimization of a quadratic welfare loss-functional subject to a linear econometric model, when the value of some instrument variables can not be optimized in every model period, but only in single ones. In this way, the relative inertia of fiscal policy-making, as compared to monetary policy-making, can e.g. be taken into account. Analytical expressions are derived for the optimal feedback rules and for the minimum expected losses, and iterative schemes are proposed for their numerical computation. It is suggested that a numerical analysis of the economic gain to be realized by making more frequent adjustment of fiscal policy variables than is actually undertaken could yield valuable information for policy-makers.     

A goal programming approach to public investment decisions: A case study of rural roads in Indonesia

The development planner must often face complex problems with multiple, conflicting objectives. Goal programming provides a general methodology for solving such problems. The tool is applied here to aid in the selection of rural road projects in the Indonesian Rural Works Program. Selection criteria are formalized into a set of nineteen goals which form the basis for a goal programming model. Changes in priority levels of goals and weights are used to analyze the respective effects upon the spatial distribution of investments. The approach is applicable to a wide range of problems and a variety of sensitivity analyses. Despite clear advantages, several drawbacks must be noted. First, the application of the methodology, given its degree of sophistication, is limited to a central decision making unit which has access to appropriate software. Second, the technique assumes that the planner has the ability to formulate alternative actions and consequences in a quantifiable expression.     

谈工学结合培养模式下的高职院校学籍学历管理工作

高职院校人才培养目标是培养高技能的应用型人才,工学结合培养模式是高职院校的办学方针。高职教育人才培养模式改革的重点是教学过程的实践性、开放性和职业性,而学籍学历管理工作是高职院校中一项政策性,责任性和服务性很强的工作,如何做到既能适应高职教育的特点,又能搞好学籍学历管理工作。文章以西安铁路职业技术学院为例,阐述了在工学结合培养模式下高职院校学籍学历管理工作的探索和实践。     

整合绩效管理与企业价值提升战略的实现

基于价值的管理是伴随着现代企业制度与资本市场的发展而逐步产生和确立的理论体系和实践方法,现已成为西方企业界一种主要的企业管理模式。本文借鉴整合绩效管理的管理控制理念,主张运用整合绩效管理的管理理念来保证企业价值提升战略的实现,达到股东价值最大化的管理目标,从而实现企业价值提升策略,完善从策略提出到策略实现的企业价值管理模式。     

Chance Constrained Programming Formulations for Stochastic Characterizations of Efficiency and Dominance in DEA

Pareto-Koopmans efficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is extended to stochastic inputs and outputs via probabilistic input-output vector comparisons in a given empirical production (possibility) set. In contrast to other approaches which have used Chance Constrained Programming formulations in DEA, the emphasis here is on joint chance constraints. An assumption of arbitrary but known probability distributions leads to the P-Model of chance constrained programming. A necessary condition for a DMU to be stochastically efficient and a sufficient condition for a DMU to be non-stochastically efficient are provided. Deterministic equivalents using the zero order decision rules of chance constrained programming and multivariate normal distributions take the form of an extended version of the additive model of DEA. Contacts are also maintained with all of the other presently available deterministic DEA models in the form of easily identified extensions which can be used to formalize the treatment of efficiency when stochastic elements are present.     

基于目标管理的团队建设研究

越来越多的组织正在用团队的形式进行生产运营活动,如何建设高效优秀的团队已经被越来越多的企业关注,本文在团队定义的基础上,以目标管理为切入点,详述了组织如何将目标管理运用于团队建设中,讨论了组织在打造高效团队需要遵循的几点原则。     

基于解释结构模型的物流管理专业教学计划制定

物流管理专业教学计划是根据物流管理专业教育目的和物流管理专业本科生培养目标而制定的教学和教育工作的指导文件,是物流管理专业(本科)课程设置的整体规划。文章在调研基础上,确定了物流管理专业(本科)培养目标及重点;基于解释结构模型分析法(ISM),构建了物流管理专业课程的多级递阶结构图;基于该图课程间的逻辑关系,进行课程学期安排和时间统筹。希望文章能够为制定科学合理的物流管理专业教学计划提供借鉴价值。     

The Integration of Quality,Environmental and Health and Safety Management by Car Manufacturers – a Long‐Term Empirical Study

The diversity of stakeholder requirements is currently a pivotal challenge for companies. Stakeholders expect companies to increasingly consider environmental and social aspects in their decisions. Thus, corporate goal systems are including not only qualitative and financial goals, but also environmental and social ones. Management systems for ensuring quality, environmental and occupational safety play an important role in achieving these objectives. Considering the interdependency between the different systems constitutes a central challenge. Much of the literature and the results from empirical studies suggest that the spatial application of integrated management systems is state of the art. Integrated management systems in particular are regarded as more effective and more efficient than separate and distinct management systems. However, the present long‐term study demonstrates that for car manufacturers in Germany these integration efforts are implemented in very different ways, and that some integration approaches are partially abandoned after a period of unsatisfactory implementation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

基于目标管理的企业员工绩效管理研究

一个设计科学合理的员工绩效管理系统,应该与企业的目标管理系统有很好的关联性,应该既有助于实现企业的战略目标和员工的个人目标,又能够实现企业和员工的业绩目标。本文根据目标管理和绩效管理过程理论,构建了基于目标管理的企业员工绩效管理模型,并指出了它的实用价值。     

A technique using analytical hierarchy process in multiobjective planning models

Social and economic planning usually includes the need to consider and reconcile multiple, conflicting objectives. A number of multiple objective planning models have been proposed, using goal programming as well as other multiple objective techniques. Goal programming provides a useful tool which quickly provides a solution matching the set of ranked objective targets provided, but does not provide much exploratory analysis of planning problems. Other techniques have been used which provide generation of new alternatives for consideration, but these other techniques often are limited to original model extreme points. This paper presents an alternative means of generating planning alternatives, utilizing Analytic Hierarchy Process as a means of obtaining a good starting point, and imposition of objective attainment levels through constraints. The proposed process provides a means of decision maker learning, easily allows adjustment of objective attainment levels and is not limited to the original model extreme points.     

物联网环境下多维度协同物流管理研究

随着网络购物的普及，我国的物流业越来越发达，物流业务也日渐增多。如果采用传统的管理模式对物流业进行管理，不但效率很低，也十分容易出错。因此现代信息技术为物流业提供了物联网技术，通过物联网技术可以对物流进行高效而准确的管理。文中就目前我国物流业中的物联网技术进行了讨论，并就其中的不足之处提出了改进意见。     

浅论社会转型期政府管理的创新

当今世界的竞争,不仅是经济发展的竞争,而且是政府效能和管理水平的竞争,建立廉洁、高效、以公众利益为导向的现代政府管理体系与建立现代化的市场经济体制同样重要。中国政府在经历了社会管制型、经济发展型的社会发展导向之后,目前正向公共服务型转变。因此,分析市场经济条件下的政府管理创新具有重要的现实意义。文中在分析政府管理创新内涵的基础上,探讨了政府管理创新的动力因素和阻力因素,提出增强驱动力和减少抑制力并举的方法。     

天士力做“大药”

吉利成功并购沃尔沃,不但是中国民营企业并购海外明星企业的有益实践,同时也是一家成长型企业进行人才积累、构筑人力资源体系效果的有力验证。李书福,这个土生土长的中国民营企业家,正带领着吉利向国际化的目标全速前进。