Mortality in the North Dublin Union during the Great Famine

Debate about the adequacy of public action during the Great Irish Famine is hampered by a lack of detailed information on its impact at local level. This study addresses the question of local agency with a case study of the North Dublin Union, which was responsible for administering the Irish poor law in the northern half of Dublin city. We use workhouse records to study the Union's functioning during the famine. High mortality of workhouse inmates mainly reflected the crisis outside its walls: the guardians and the managers did reasonably well in preserving human life in difficult circumstances.     

试论社会主义市场经济条件下交易关系的道德支撑

1.交易--市场经济运行的基本单位 市场表示交易关系的集结,当市场把所有的个体经济连接在一起时便获得了经济的意义.故经济学把市场定义为:市场是商品交易关系的总和.在市场里通过交易关系把所有的个体经济连接在一起而形成的市场经济,自然以交易关系为最显著的特征.在市场经济条件下,人们的生产离不开交易,商品的流通离不开交易,信息流通离不开交易,技术的流通离不开交易,交易是市场经济的核心.在经济活动中,人们想通过交易的途径互通有无,相互获取各自的经济利益,实现经济良性循环.     

The Chinese silver standard economy and the 1929 Great Depression

It is often argued that the silver standard insulated the Chinese economy from the Great Depression that prevailed in the gold standard countries during the period 1929–1935. Using econometric testing and counterfactual simulations, this article shows that if China had been on the gold standard (or on the gold-exchange standard), the balance of trade of this semiclosed economy would have been ameliorated, but the general price level would have declined significantly. Due to limited statistics, two important variables (GDP and industrial production) are not included in the analysis, but the general argument that the silver standard was a lifeboat to the Chinese economy remains defensible.     

By the teeth: A critical examination of James Scott's The moral economy of the peasant

Peasant households in Southeast Asia and elsewhere live on the margin of subsistence. Their survival strategies make them technological conservatives and weavers of reciprocal webs of social obligation and dependence. James C. Scott has argued that the fabric of this “moral economy” both guarantees subsistence for the peasants and forms the touchstone on which their judgements of social justice are tested. When those who should offer succor withdraw it, peasants are outraged and from their anger springs peasant rebellion. Two South Asian peasant rebellions of the 1940s (Telengana and Tebhaga) fail to support Scott's account and raise major questions about his historical method. Two others case studies focused on the early years of colonial contact (the Padri Wars and the capitalist transformation of the Kaveri delta) lead the authors to question sharply the existence of a “moral economy of the peasant” and to suggest that Scott has inadvertently presented a landlord's view of peasant society.     

The response of a small open economy to a disturbance

Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion einer kleinen offenen Volkswirtschaft auf eine St?rung. — Die moderne Au\enhandelstheorie besteht im wesentlichen aus zwei voneinander unabh?ngigen Teilen : die Tauschtheorie besch?ftigt sich mit den langfristigen Handels- und Investitionsstr?men, die monet?re Theorie mit den kurzfristigen Ver?nderungen in der Zahlungsbilanz. Es fehlt eine Theorie, in der reale und monet?re Faktoren wirklich miteinander verknüpft sind. In dieser Arbeit wird versucht, diesem Ziel ein wenig n?her zu kommen. Wir betrachten eine kleine offene Volkswirtschaft, ursprünglich in einem langfristigen Gleichgewicht, die einer einmaligen und unerwarteten St?rung unterworfen ist. Die daraus sich ergebenden ?nderungen der Faktorallokation und des Realeinkommens werden als gegeben angesehen, und es wird untersucht, welche induzierten Anpassungen in der Zahlungsbilanz oder dem Wechselkurs erfolgen. Unter anderem werden hinreichende Bedingungen für monotone Anpassungspfade und für ein “überschie\en” abgeleitet.

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Résumé La réponse d’une petite économie ouverte à une perturbation. — La théorie du commerce international moderne comprend deux parties essentiellement indépendantes: une partie de troc qui s’occupe avec les structures de commerce et d’investissement à long terme, et une partie monétaire qui s’occupe avec la conduitea à court terme de la balance des paiements. Ce qui manque est une théorie par laquelle les facteurs réels et monétaires sont véritablement entremêlés. Cet article prend un petit pas envers ce but. Nous analysons une petite économie ouverte, d’abord en équilibre à long terme, qui est touchée par une perturbation abrupte, unique et imprévue d’une sorte quelconque. Nous regardons la conséquente réallocation des facteurs et la variation du revenu réel comme donnée et analysons l’ajustement induit de la balance des paiements ou du taux de change. Inter alia, nous dérivons les conditions suffisantes pour les voies d’ajustement monotones et pour les phénomènes ?d ’overshooting?.

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Resumen Reacción a un ?shock? en una economía peque?a y abierta. — La teoría moderna del comercio internacional está compuesta de dos partes esencialmente diferentes: un componente de intercambio real que se ocupa de la estructura a largo plazo del comercio y de la inversión y un componente monetario que trata de la conducta a corto plazo de la balanza de pagos. Lo que falta, es una teoría en la que se encuentre una genuina fusión de factures reales y monetarios. Con este objetivo se estudia una pequefia economia abierta, inicialmente en equilibrio a largo plazo y que se ve de repente sometida a un ?shock? inesperado de cualquier tipo. Considerando como dados la consecuente realocación de recursos y los cambios en la renta real, se estudia el ajuste inducido de la balanza de pagos y del tipo de cambio. Entre otros aspectos, se derivan condiciones suficientes para la existencia de funciones monótonas de ajuste y de ?overshooting?.

     

Formally modelling a gender-segregated economy: A response to William Darity, Jr

William Darity Jr.'s model, presented in the November 1995 issue of World Development (Darity, 1995), is an important attempt to provide an outline for gender-based analysis at the household level. The model falls short, however, because it focuses on income maximization without specific constraints on the man's time. This paper demonstrates that as formulated there is no internal maximization solution possible, and then offers additional economic information that would be meaningful and appropriate to make Darky's model well-specified.     

用"大环保"理念发展港口经济

港口城市可持续地发展港口经济,必须走资源节约型、环境友好型之路.当今港口经济的发展,越来越依托产业集群的发展,依托港口群的发展,走资源节约型、环境友好型之路,树立"大环保"理念更显得必要.     

The political economy of Reconstruction Finance Corporation assistance during the Great Depression

This paper analyzes the role of political rent-seeking in New Deal expenditures focusing on the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). Unlike other New Deal agencies, the RFC was not financed by government appropriations, it devolved assistance decisions, and primarily offered loans rather than grants. Although the RFC was subject to pressures for political favor during the Great Depression, the geographic distribution of RFC funds across states is not associated with standard political measures used to examine rent-seeking behavior in other studies of the New Deal.     

从经济特区到创新型城市:目标与路径

<正>经济特区向何处去?十七大报告给有答案:更好发挥经济特区、上海浦东新区、天津滨海新区在改革开放和自主创新中的重要作用。这是报告在精辟论述了"提高自主创新能力,建设创新型国家"之后,明确将特区使命与这一"国家发展战略的核心、提高综合国力的关键"联系起来。其中既肯定了经济特区在过去改革开放中     

广西县域经济:表现特征、机遇分析及应对措施

县域经济是统筹城乡经济社会发展的基本单元,是国民经济的重要基础。文章从广西县域经济发展的特征到所面临的机遇进行了分析,最后得出了针对广西县域经济发展的一系列应对措施。     

Growth in manufacturing output in Ireland between the Union and the Famine: Some evidence

Pre-Famine Ireland is perceived to have undergone a process of deindustrialization as a result of trade with Great Britain. This article presents evidence that manufacturing output growth was positive and sufficient to keep pace with or exceed population growth. The textile industry in which the bulk of the manufacturing labour force was employed performed relatively poorly, though this was largely due to an internal shock in the form of technical and organisational change in the linen industry rather than trade with Britain. Concentration on the performance of the textile sector has distracted attention from the good performance in other sectors.     

The political economy of stabilization: Commitment,capacity, and public response

Political pressures are generally recognized as important in determining success or failure of economic stabilization and adjustment programs. But there has been little comparative analysis of the politics of stabilization. This study examines the factors affecting (i) political leaders' commitment to stabilization measures (often called ‘political will’); (ii) governmental ability to implement stabilization measures; and (iii) the responses of key interest groups and the public at large to those measures. The study also discusses political implications of the design of programs and the attempted speed of stabilization, and sketches the tactics available to governments to manage political risk, including partial compensation, persuasion, diversion or obfuscation, and containment of protest. The discussion is based on case studies of stabilization efforts in five fairly poor, small, highly trade-dependent countries; Ghana in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and Zambia, Kenya, Sri Lanka and Jamaica in the late 1970s and early 1980s. A subsidiary theme within the broader discussion is the ways in which the political economy of stabilization may differ in such countries, as compared to larger, semi-industrialized economies.     

Famine as agricultural catastrophe: the crisis of 1622-4 in east Lancashire

This article argues that historians have paid insufficient attention to the agrarian roots of early modern English famines. While not dismissing the insights arising from entitlements theory, the article takes issue with recent writings that have explained the famine of 1622–3 in north-west England as an entitlements crisis. It offers new empirical evidence from an estate in east Lancashire to demonstrate the scale of the crisis in the early 1620s, using estate accounts to produce new price data and estimates of productivity. On the basis of oat tithe data, the scale of the shortfall in foodstuffs in the harvest of 1621 is demonstrated as being probably in the region of a third; that of the following year has to be inferred from price data. The evidence shows that the crisis was not limited to the arable economy, but was followed by an extensive restocking of the pastoral economy. The article therefore makes a contribution to the growing interest in weather as an exogenous factor.     

Capital inputs in the Chinese economy: Estimates for the total economy,industry and manufacturing

This paper presents new estimates of capital inputs in the Chinese economy. Estimates are made for the total economy (1953–2007), for the industrial sector (1953–2007) and for manufacturing (1985–2007). The capital input estimates for industry and manufacturing are also broken down by thirty regions. The paper makes a systematic attempt to apply SNA (System of National Accounts) concepts to the estimation of capital inputs, according to the Perpetual Inventory Method. It makes a clear distinction between capital services from a productivity perspective and wealth capital stocks. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the relevant Chinese statistical concepts and data. It provides an explanation of the procedures followed in constructing the new national and regional capital input series.     

Production potential of the economy: Long-standing problems and ways to solve them

The paper contemplates problems that have stockpiled in the domestic economy. A conclusion is made that these problems have arisen because manufacturing was devoid of the part of natural rent obtained by the extractive industry and formerly distributed in favor of manufacturing. Now it is proposed to create vertically integrated interindustry corporations (VIICs) similar in structure to international transnational corporations (TNCs). They are necessary in our country because of its inclement climatic conditions and geographic location, as well as in view of its current economic strategy aimed at large-scale import substitution.     

3.11大地震：日本经济难以承受之重

3月11日,日本发生史上最强地震,除了大量死伤,地震和海啸对苦苦挣扎试图摆脱“失去的十年”经济衰退期的日本来说,影响可能更为深远。