How revolving-door recruitment makes firms stand out in land market: Evidence from China

The fact that firms seek political connections through revolving-door recruitment is widely acknowledged around the world. Using an original database including the information of listed firms' board members and parcel-level land transaction records, this paper documents how revolving-door recruitment makes firms stand out in China's land market. We show that firms with revolving-door recruitment receive special deals in land transactions, which are simultaneously reflected in the quantity and price of land. Specifically, connected firms buy more parcels and larger areas of land in the primary land market. Due to the particularity of industrial land, price discounts are only identified for commercial and residential land, while not for industrial land. Measuring economic activity by night light intensity, we find no evidence that land transaction under the influence of political connections has a negative impact on economic activity on land. Our research advances the understanding that the state-business relationship is an essential factor in resource allocation in an emerging market with government intervention.     

Inequality of land tenure and revolutionary outcome: An economic analysis of China's land reform of 1946–1952

A paradoxical feature of China's land reform of 1946–1952 is that it was conducted far more radically in the north, where land tenure relations were far less unequal, than in the south where inequality of land tenure was distinctly more acute. That landlords could only be identified in south China was attributable to the sharply more active land rental market there, and the “single-cut” policy of defining the landlords narrowly as a rentier class. We attribute the predominance of an active land rental market in south China to three socioeconomic characteristics: 1) a sharply higher inequality in land distribution, 2) an organization of agriculture whose efficiency required the “unsupervised initiatives” of family labor, and 3) a distinctly higher proportion of “absentee landlords”. Our hypothesis of land rentals being the only variable distinguishing the landlords from the rich peasants and only in south China is strongly supported by empirical evidence.     

中国农地制度市场化改革的历史演进（1978—2009）

改革开放至今,我国农地制度市场化改革经历了从农地所有权与使用权相分离,重塑农民为部分产权主体,到承包权与经营权相分离,实现土地流转,再到明确提出建立农地要素市场的目标,最后到以打造农地财产权为重点的农地制度改革来完善农地市场的四个阶段,形成了中国特色的农地制度市场化变革模式。     

English individualism refuted—and reasserted: the land market of Earls Colne (Essex), 1550–1750

Earls Colne first came to the notice of historians through Macfarlane's study of its seventeenth-century vicar, Ralph Josselin, and then Macfarlane's use of evidence from the village in his The origins of English individualism (1978). This article presents preliminary results drawn from a computer-based reconstruction of the copyhold land market, 1546-1750, to contest Macfarlane's reading of the family-land bond in the manor. The familial possession of land over long periods is shown to be normal, and consistent with an active land market predominantly in smaller parcels. Little consolidation took place in the manor although some growth in holding size was achieved through subtenancy. Finally, the article asks whether the experience of copyholders is typical of the general.     

土地市场的二元结构与政府职能转变

当前找国土地市场存在二元结构,土地市场比较混乱,影响了市场配置土地要素功能的发挥 要坚持在市 场经济条件下转变政府职能,建立透明、公开的土地市场,促进土地市场的健康发展     

What happens to land price when a rural construction land market legally opens in China? A spatiotemporal analysis of Nanhai district from 2010 to 2015

Urban and rural construction land markets in China, the two formerly separated markets, are beginning to be unified in some pilot areas. So far, but little is known about the associated land market development patterns and what factors influence land market price. In order to examine the impact of urban developers' access to legal rural construction land market on land price, we analyzed the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of price trends for the rural-urban land market in Nanhai district, Guangdong Province, between 2010 and 2015. We collected 2285 land transaction data during that span and mapped price contour lines for the rural-urban development land market in the whole district by using spatial interpolation techniques. Four hedonic price models, on rural and urban construction land respectively, were developed to measure the marginal effects of land attributes on price. Results from the analysis suggest that, temporally, the prices of rural-urban development land grew rapidly between 2010 and 2015. Spatially, prices spread along a gradient from east to west, and the prices in North Nanhai district were significantly higher than those in the south. The hedonic models also suggest that land use type, lot size, and various spatial characteristics impact rural and urban land prices. Overall, this research presented here contributes our understanding of the complex nature of establishing a unified land market in China.     

构建农村土地流转市场化运行机制的策略分析

推动土地承包经营权流转是实现农业规模化经营、加快农业结构调整、提高土地产出率和增加农民收入的重要途径。当前,我国土地流转市场化运作具备了充分的政策法律依据和成熟的现实条件,但也存在着土地流转主体被虚化、流转的外部环境不完善及内生动力不足等因素的制约。构建农村土地流转市场化运行机制,必须进一步明确土地流转的市场主体、转变政府职能、培育中介组织、构建流转平台并完善农村社会保障制度。     

基于城乡一体化的我国农村土地市场发展创新研究

通过市场机制配置土地已成为世界各国通行的做法,相比城市国有土地市场的发展,农村集体土地市场发育缓慢,在城乡土地市场二元性、土地二级市场受到主体和用途限制、土地三级市场相对缺失的背景下逐渐凸显一些新问题。建议明确农村土地产权、突破农村土地用途限制、完善市场要件、培育二、三级市场,逐步建立城乡统一、平等、有序的土地市场。     

Efficiency and distribution of rural construction land marketization in contemporary China

Since 2015, a national trial on rural construction land marketization has been conducted in 15 counties in China; this trial is regarded as the most significant step taken to date to reform the extant rural-urban dual land governance system. The trial aims to investigate the performance of an integrated rural-urban construction land market in facilitating land resource allocation efficiency and land revenue distribution equality. The objective of this paper is to understand the ongoing rural construction land marketization in China, with a particular focus on its efficiency and distribution effects. To this end, the theoretical model for rural construction land marketization is extended based on Tan, Qu, Heerink, and Mettepenningen (2011), a partial equilibrium model is developed for the empirical analysis, and recent rural construction land marketization practices in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province, are examined for empirical evidence. The study concludes that 1) rural construction land marketization indeed improves land allocation efficiency, and 2) rural construction land marketization also leads to a welfare gain for the rural sector, in particular by inducing redistribution effects from the urban to the rural sector.     

农村土地流转市场构建的困局与破解——基于理性人视角

依法鼓励农户通过多种途径进行土地承包经营权流转,是实现农业规模化经营的路径选择。然而从理性人的角度,当前农村土地流转市场存在着低收益、高成本、高风险、利益复杂性等问题,这无疑阻碍着农地流转双方进入市场的积极性。文章通过分析当前农地流转市场的缺陷,构建了农地流转市场的模式,提出了运行机制。最后,重点提出了建设农村土地流转市场、破解农村土地流转困局的对策和建议。     

The current state of land turnover in Russia

The paper characterizes the land market turnover in the Russian Federation. Various market land transactions and the associated legal, organizational, technical, and economic problems are considered.     

后农业税时代加快农村土地流转市场化进程问题

当前，农村土地流转市场体系还没有真正建立，土地产权、市场运作、社会保障等方面的不足不同程度地制约着土地流转市场的发展。针对此种现状，文章从健全农村土地市场的政策，扩大市场范围、加强市场中介组织，建立土地评估体系，深化土地制度改革等方面着手，提出推动农村土地流转市场化的对策。     

Trade policy impacts under alternative land market regimes in rural China

In this paper we apply a simulation model of a village economy in Guizhou province, China, to assess impacts of trade reform at the household and the village level under alternative land market regimes. Putting special emphasis on the modeling of household migration a trade reform scenario is simulated with and without the existence of a land rental market in the village.Significant impacts of the land market on the policy outcome regarding household production, income and welfare are found. The possibility to trade land within the village leads to increasing specialization into agriculture and migration among the households as a response to the policy shock. In a situation with a land market, incomes of households which expand agricultural production are less negatively affected by trade reform than incomes of households which migration more.At the village level, a land market does not influence the poverty outcome of the reform but reduces its inequality enhancing impact. Village migration and exports of agricultural outputs increase.     

Peasant communes and factor markets in late nineteenth-century Russia

The peasant land commune was the emblematic institutional feature of agrarian Russian society before the Revolution of 1917. Economic historians have long blamed the commune for restricting household behavior in ways that contributed to Russia's economic “backwardness” by the late 19th century. Drawing on new household-level data collected from archival sources in Moscow province, this article provides the first microeconomic analysis of local factor markets and household behavior within the institutional context of the Russian peasant commune. The empirical evidence indicates that peasant households did have substantial flexibility when it came to allocating their land and labor holdings. In response to mortality shocks or lags in the communal adjustment of land, households engaged in land rentals and off-farm labor market transactions to improve upon suboptimal factor endowments. Although these findings do not imply that the resulting allocation of resources was fully efficient, they do illustrate how peasants made rational factor market transactions in a seemingly inhospitable institutional environment.     

重庆农村土地流转制度改革探析

农村土地流转制度改革对健全完善重庆土地制度有着重要意义。当前重庆农地流转呈现规模扩大、速度加快和流转形式与流转主体多样化的特点。与此同时,重庆农地流转过程中也存在诸多问题。针对问题,文章提出应在农地流转市场主体的培育、健全农地流转市场机制以及改善政府职能、建立中介组织等方面加强改革力度,从而加快重庆农地制度改革的步伐。     

The question of land access and the Spanish land reform of 1932

Spanish land reform, involving the breakup of the large southern estates, was a central issue during the first decades of the twentieth century, and was justified on economic and political grounds. This article employs new provincial data on landless workers, land prices, and agrarian wages to consider whether government intervention was needed because of the failure of the free action of markets to redistribute land. Our evidence shows that the relative number of landless workers decreased significantly from 1860 to 1930, before the approval of the 1932 Land reform during the Second Republic (1931–6). This was due to two interrelated market forces: the falling ratio between land prices and rural wages, which made plots of land cheaper for landless workers to rent and buy; and structural change that drained the rural population from the countryside Given that shifts in factor prices were already helping workers gain access to land by the 1930s, the economic arguments for introducing reform at that time remain unclear.     

Effect of personality traits on smallholders’ land renting behavior: Theory and evidence from the North China Plain

This study investigates the effect of smallholders’ personality traits on their land rental market decisions. We develop a conceptual framework and show that these internal factors could affect smallholders’ land rental market participation beyond institutional and socio-demographic factors. Our empirical analysis is based on a survey of 2119 rural households collected in the North China Plain. We find that smallholders with a higher level of openness are more active in participating in the farmland rental market. Moreover, internal locus of control plays a significant role in explaining smallholders’ land renting behavior. We further show that need for achievement mediates the link between internal locus of control and smallholder’s intention to rent land, indicating that fostering a higher level of internal locus of control—and subsequently achievement desire—could play an important role in promoting smallholders’ land-renting behavior. More generally, our results imply that taking rural smallholders’ personality traits into account in designing land rental policies may increase the effectiveness of policies aimed at promoting land rental market participation among smallholders and incubating crop farm scale enlargement in rural China.     

中国农村土地流转与劳动力转移的关联分析

农村土地市场与劳动力市场之间存在着密切的联系,探索有效的土地流转机制,实现劳动力的高效转移,是提高生产要素配置效率的重要途径。文章从土地市场与劳动力市场的内在联系出发,分析了劳动力转移中兼业经营降低了土地流转效率、土地流转制度的不完善阻碍了劳动力转移的现状,有针对性地提出了加快劳动力转移、创新农地流转机制和完善农村社会保障制度等对策。     

Land tenure reform and grassland degradation in Inner Mongolia,China

Since the start of the land tenure reform in the pastoral areas of China in the 1980s, grassland use rights have increasingly been assigned to individual households. However, this period has also been accompanied by extensive grassland degradation in China, which has raised the question of whether a tragedy of privatisation has occurred. This paper investigates the impact of land tenure reform on the changes in grassland condition, using data from 60 counties in Inner Mongolia between 1985 and 2008. A fixed effects model is employed to control for time-invariant factors. Two alternative model specifications in terms of land tenure reform and time-variant factors are conducted to verify the robustness of the estimation results. The results show that land tenure reform did not affect the grassland condition significantly, and the major drivers of grassland degradation include the land use change and the increase in market demand (meat prices). Thereby, we provide empirical evidence that the privatisation of grasslands did not cause grassland degradation in Inner Mongolia, China.     

农村土地流转市场化建设国内外经验比较研究

农村土地流转市场化建设,是农村经济社会发展的客观要求,是调整农业结构、发展现代农业和转移农村劳动力的必然选择。不同国家、不同地区在农村土地流转市场化建设的成功经验,如土地产权制度的变革、土地市场的培育、土地经营形式的探索、农业政策的调整、政府作用的发挥、农村劳动力的转移、社会化服务的完善和农村社会保障制度的建立等,对于土地流转市场还不完善的省区建立起适合本省区实际情况的土地流转市场具有重要的借鉴意义。