经济发展进程中的基础设施投资结构变迁

本文构建了经济发展进程与基础设施投资结构变迁的理论模型,并采用1998～2013年间省际面板数据对理论模型进行了实证检验。研究表明：在经济增长水平较低时,一般性基础设施投资对经济增长激励效应更强,但对自主创新演变影响较弱;在经济增长水平较高时,科技型基础设施投资对经济增长和自主创新激励效应均强于一般性基础设施投资。因此,政府在制定基础设施投资结构变迁政策时需同时兼顾自主创新目标和经济增长目标,根据两类基础设施投资边际效应的相对大小恰当地实施基础设施投资结构变迁,以最大限度地释放经济增长潜力。     

土地一级开发中储备土地出让价格影响研究——以武汉市后湖地区为例

研究目的为了解武汉市后湖地区土地一级开发中基础设施投入对土地产出效益的影响,为政府的投资决策提供参考。研究方法为层次分析法和经济学研究方法。研究结果为（1）土地储备中道路设施投入对土地价格的影响最显著,权重系数为0．211;（2）随着道路设施投入的增加,土地产出效益呈先递增后递减的趋势,其影响路径符合边际报酬递减规律。研究结论为在土地一级开发中应注重道路等基础设施的投入,同时要遵循边际报酬递减规律,减少投入的盲目性,避免粗放的经营发展方式,进而控制土地储备成本,提高土地的投入产出效率。     

Public infrastructure as a determinant of productive performance in China

Public infrastructure investment is an essential part of China’s regional development policy. This raises the question to what degree public infrastructure capital matters for labor productivity in China, at the regional level as well as over time. This paper estimates cost function models of production in industrial enterprises, using province-level data from 1993 to 2003. The estimated rate of return in industrial production is 23–25%, and on average public infrastructure contributes 2–3% points to the growth in labor productivity among these enterprises.     

Productivity and Growth in UK Industries: An Intangible Investment Approach*

This article calculates some facts for the ‘knowledge economy’. Using new data, first we document UK intangible investment and find that (i) this is greater than tangible investment by £37bn in 2008; (ii) R&D is 11% of total intangible investment, software 15%, and training and organizational capital 22% each; (iii) the most intangible‐intensive industries are manufacturing and financial services. Next, we measure the contribution of intangible capital to growth for 2000–08. We find that intangible capital accounts for 23% of labour productivity growth and treating intangibles as investment lowers total factor productivity growth in the 2000s by 24% (R&D lowers it by 3%).     

Investment in Fixed Capital Stock: Testing for the Impact of Sectoral and Systemic Uncertainty*

This paper applies current theory recognizing the irreversibility of investment, in order to test for the impact of uncertainty on investment expenditure for a middle income country. The contribution of the paper is unique in two respects. First, it employs dynamic heterogeneous panel estimation techniques not previously applied to investment functions. Secondly, it explicitly tests for the impact of both sectoral and systemic uncertainty on investment expenditure. We find that both sectoral (as measured by output volatility) and systemic uncertainty (as measured by political instability) have a negative impact on investment rates in a middle income country context. Liquidity constraints and growth in total factor productivity are found to have no impact on investment, while trade liberalization has the impact predicted by Heckscher‐Ohlin trade theory. Finally, we find complementarity effects between physical capital and skilled human capital, suggesting that South African educational policies may have hampered investment in physical capital as well as the growth performance of the economy. Policy implications emphasize the importance of lowering uncertainty for investors, and the need for sound human capital investment.     

Public infrastructure,input efficiency and productivity growth in the Canadian food processing industry

Canadian food processing is an important manufacturing industry, accounting for 13 percent of shipments. By its nature food processing depends on infrastructure capital. Our objective is to estimate infrastructure’s effects on input requirements, cost and productivity. The increase in capital and decrease in materials were respectively 2.5 and 3 times greater than the −0.07 infrastructure elasticity of labor. Infrastructure investment was cost-reducing by inducing reductions in employment and intermediate inputs. A 1 percent increase caused cost to decline by 0.16 percent. Infrastructure capital was a major contributor to productivity, annually contributing 0.5 percentage points. This was nearly double TFP growth.      

公共资本生产率的比较研究——基于长三角21城市公共资本边际生产率的实证分析

近10年来长三角的政府公共投资（分配）过多地流向了上海、苏州、杭州、南京等核心城市，使这些城市的人均公共资本拥有量大幅上升，从而引发了其边际生产率递减情况的发生。但它们的资本利用效率或技术创新水平没有明显提升（或下降），不足以抵消其资本边际生产率下降的趋势。对这些大城市的经济发展来说，公共投资对其经济增长的意义已经在数量上表现得不明显，但对正处于经济快速增长期且资本边际生产率呈递增态势的长三角外缘中小城市而言，公共投资却有着积极意义。     

Long-run growth and welfare effects of public policies with distortionary taxation

In a one-sector growth model with infrastructure investment, we study the impact of fiscal policies on growth. The government collects taxes on labor income and profits. The government uses these revenues to purchase infrastructure investment, provide utility enhancing government services, and to provide transfer payments to the households. We show that the balanced growth rate is an increasing function of the percent of government revenues that goes to infrastructure. We find that the growth maximizing mix of taxes depends on the elasticity of substitution between inputs. In particular, with distortionary taxes, the growth maximizing tax rate on capital is higher the lower the elasticity of substitution between private physical capital and public capital. In addition, the growth maximizing size of the government is higher when the elasticity of substitution between public and private inputs is low. We also investigate welfare effects of other public expenditures as well. Depending on the elasticity of substitution in production, the welfare implications of different public policies can be substantial.     

浅议城市基础设施的有效供给

以城市基础设施的有效供给为主线,对"经营城市"的利弊、供给主体的选择、举债规模的确定、建设方式的创新等方面,逐一展开论述.提出若要实现城市基础设施的有效供给,应当加强政府的主导作用;应当确立决策与投资相统一的供给主体,而不能简单地进行公司化运作;需要对地方政府负债规模进行合理控制,而不能无限制地盲目负债;应当采用有效竞争与对管网空间适度垄断相结合的建设方式,既要打破垄断,又要防止恶性竞争.     

Public Infrastructure Investment and Efficiency in Italian Regions

Evidence on growth rates in per capita income of Italian regions reveals persistent differences in development patterns between North and South Italy. While Northern regions manage to sustain high growth rates, Southern regions stagnate in low growth traps. To explain the phenomenon of different long-term growth paths, we use the stochastic frontier approach which allows to discriminate between the channels through which public infrastructure influences overall productivity. The main results are that the impact of core-infrastructure investment on efficiency is always positive. The impact of non-core infrastructure on efficiency is negative in the South and positive in the North. The present study was carried out while Camilla Mastromarco was Marie Curie Research Fellow at the Department of Economics, University of Munich. We are grateful to participants at the 2nd Hellenic Workshop on Efficiency and Productivity Measurement in Patras, 2003, at the Workshop on Efficiency and Productivity Analysis in Oviedo, 2003, at the First Italian Congress on Econometrics and Empirical Economics in Venice, 2005, and to seminar participants at the Universities of Lecce and Verona for helpful comments and suggestions.     

Is transportation improving urbanization in China?

This study applies the rolling-window causality test to analyze the interaction between transportation infrastructure and urbanization in China. Our results obviously support search-matching theory in that transportation infrastructure exerts positive effects on urbanization in sub-sample periods. Urbanization does not Granger cause transportation infrastructure development except for the 1977–1980 period, when urbanization exerted negative effects on transportation infrastructure. The transportation structure is inadequate, and rational allocation of transportation resources is needed to improve the level of urbanization. This means that transportation improves urbanization due to government investment and regional integration. Development of transportation infrastructure has been rapid, which improved urbanization during the Great Cultural Revolution period. Urbanization urgently needs to keep up with the development of traffic infrastructure construction by adding to traffic investment. Transportation infrastructure requires whole planning, a unified layout, and rational adjustment of the transportation structure.     

基于价值工程的城市基础设施投资效果评价研究

以北京市为例构建了城市基础设施整体投资效果评价模型:首先通过功能分析构造城市基础设施投资效果评价指标体系;接着利用网络层次分析法,借助于Super Decision软件计算出各指标的权重;最后利用价值工程法计算城市基础设施投资效果值。本模型实现了主观分析和客观分析、定性分析与定量分析的结合,并为定量化分析城市基础设施这类复杂的社会经济问题提供了借鉴思路。     

BROADBAND AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A MUNICIPAL CASE STUDY FROM FLORIDA

In this paper, we explore whether broadband investment by municipalities has an effect on economic growth. To do so, we employ an econometric model to compare economic growth between counties in the State of Florida. Our econometric model shows that Lake County – a small county in central Florida – has experienced significantly greater growth in economic activity relative to comparable Florida counties since making its municipal fiber-optic network generally available to businesses and municipal institutions in the county. Our findings are consistent with other analyses that postulate that broadband infrastructure can be a significant contributor to economic growth.     

The productivity of transport infrastructure investment: A meta-analysis of empirical evidence

Investments in transport infrastructure have been widely used by decision makers to encourage economic growth, particularly during periods of economic downturn. There has been extensive research on the linkage between transport infrastructure and economic performance since the late 1980s, characterised by widely varying evidence. We conduct a meta-analysis of the empirical evidence on the output elasticity of transport infrastructure, based on a sample of 563 estimates obtained from 33 studies. Previous meta-analyses have focused on total public capital and hence cannot appropriately explain the wide variation in the productivity effect of transport infrastructure nor provide guidance to policymakers on the returns to investment in different types of transport infrastructure. Our results indicate that the existing estimates of the productivity effect of transport infrastructure can vary across main industry groups, tend to be higher for the US economy than for European countries, and are higher for roads compared to other modes of transport. The variation in the estimates of the output elasticity of transport is also explained by differences in the methods and data used in previous studies. Failing to control for unobserved heterogeneity and spurious associations tends to result in higher values, while failing to control for urbanisation and congestion levels leads to omitted variable bias. These findings can be used to inform future research on the choice of model specification and estimation and transport-related policy making.     

交通、教育基础设施的共同富裕效应研究——基于异质性视角的考察

依据理论机制与模型论证基础设施和共同富裕的关系,并基于2010—2020年全国208个主要地级市数据,实证检验交通、教育基础设施改善对共同富裕的作用、路径及异质性效果。研究表明：交通和教育基础设施改善能显著促进共同富裕,但存在区域城市异质性效果和时滞效应。交通基础设施改善能通过推进人口城镇化、促进就业、强化经济集聚能力建立促进共同富裕的长效机制,而教育基础设施在通过改善人口城镇化助力共同富裕方面存在一定的阻碍。在农村收入占比的双重门槛约束下,两种基础设施的共同富裕效应存在差异：当农村收入占比处于低门槛区间时,教育基础设施的共同富裕效应显著,但交通基础设施效果失灵;随着农村收入占比的增长,交通基础设施的挤占效应消失;当农村收入占比处于高门槛区间,教育基础设施作用不显著,交通基础设施的边际贡献显著为正。     

EFFECT OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT ON THE REGIONAL ECONOMIES IN POSTWAR JAPAN

This paper examines the effect of public investment on the regional economies of postwar Japan. It evaluates the effects of efficiency-verses-equity-oriented allocation policies by estimating the aggregate regional production function and calculating the marginal productivity of public capital for each region, using panel data covering the 47 prefectures over the period from 1955 to 2000. The empirical results show that public capital investment has alternated between an allocation policy based on efficiency and one that is based on equity, and, in fact, such investment was used as a policy tool for adjusting income distribution and accelerating economic growth. Numerical simulations are used to analyze the trade-offs between economic efficiency and inter-prefectural equity. The results indicate that in the case of income-elastic labor mobility, an efficiency-oriented allocation policy leads to larger aggregate gross domestic product by promoting both growth and equity simultaneously.     

Learning by doing,endogenous discounting and economic development

In this paper, we focus on a growth model where the discount rate is decreasing in capital accumulation and endogenous growth is made possible through learning by doing, knowledge accumulation being a by-product of gross investment. In such a model, the utility function has to be restricted to take positive values implying that the elasticity of marginal utility is lower than one. The presence of endogenous discounting generates a steady-state of stagnation which can be saddle-path stable or unstable depending on the marginal productivity of knowledge. In the case of long run growth, the fact that the elasticity of marginal utility is lower than one implies the existence of two asymptotic balanced growth paths: the one with the higher growth rate being a saddle point while the one with the lower growth rate not being a saddle point. We also study the optimal solution which is characterized by a unique balanced growth path. The policy consists as usual in subsidizing investment in order to internalize the externality.     

基建配网工程管理探讨

近年来随着网、省公司对配网投资的加大以及规范化管理水平要求的不断提高,基建配网工程由于点多面广,质量、安全管理压力也越来越大。为了进一步实现基建配网工程"精益化"管理,本文从安全管理和质量管理两个方面对基建配网工程项目管理措施进行了探讨。     

经济发展对城市基建和外商投资的创新门槛效应研究

创新是引领城市经济高质量发展的核心引擎之一,基于2003—2018年间中国271个地级及以上城市的面板数据,以经济发展程度为门槛变量着重考察基础设施建设和外商投资对城市创新活动的非线性影响机制以及城市间的空间溢出效应。研究结果表明,基础设施建设和外商投资对城市创新都具有经济发展的双门槛效应,当经济发展程度达到第一个门槛值时,才会显著促使城市创新产出的提升。当经济发展程度跨越第二个门槛值时,会进一步增加城市的创新产。城市间的创新活动具有明显的空间依赖性,对于经济发展程度差距较大的城市之间,基础设施建设显著增强创新溢出效应。     

基于SOA整合通关信息平台的探讨

不同种类的操作系统、应用软件、系统软件和应用基础结构相互交织，这便是通关信息处理中的现状。为了提高通关效率以及一些现存的应用程序被用来处理当前的业务流程，因此从头建立一个新的基础环境是不可能的。通关应该能对业务的变化做出快速的反应．利用对现有的应用程序和应用基础结构的投资来解决新的业务需求，为客户提供新的互动渠道，并呈现一个可以支持有机业务的构架。SOA（Service Oriented Architecture）凭借其松耦合的特性。使得通关可以按照模块化的方式来添加新服务或更新现有服务，为解决新的业务需要提供选择。从而可以通过不同的渠道提供服务，并可以把通关现有的或已有的应用作为服务，从而保护了现有的IT基础建设投资。