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1.
The superstar model predicts skewness of market outcomes and returns to artist quality. We test and confirm these predictions using a unique data set on popular music. 相似文献
2.
Helge Sanner 《Bulletin of economic research》2007,59(3):247-254
If we take into account the spatial dimension of markets, prices of incumbent firms may be higher and consumer surplus may be lower with competition than with monopoly. This result obtains unambiguously, even in the supposedly highly competitive case of Bertrand competition. Moreover, we are able to show that consumers of the commodity may be worse off with duopoly, if the distance between the firms' sites is sufficiently large. 相似文献
3.
P. S. J. Leonard 《Applied economics》2013,45(49):5282-5302
To what extent can offering more choice in schooling lead to ‘cream skimming,’ or the sorting of students by ability? I study whether increased choice leads to student sorting by ability into high schools in the Greater Toronto Area. On average, 41% of students ‘opt out’ of the high school to which they would normally be assigned based on their residence. Students are more likely to opt out in areas where accessibility to other schools is greatest due to population density and explicit ‘open enrolment’ policies. While students of higher ability are generally more likely to opt out, an interaction term between school choice and ability is insignificant, suggesting that increased choice does not have differential impacts by student ability. Findings are robust to changes in assumptions about instrument exogeneity. 相似文献
4.
医疗卫生产业化改革研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
看病难、看病贵在全国范围内是一个普遍存在的问题,深化医疗卫生体制改革是解决该问题的重要途径之一。然而,医改是世界难题。2005年,国务院作出了中国医改基本不成功的结论。学术界和实业界有关人士把前一阶段医改的失败归因于＂过度市场化＂,新医改方案也特别强调政府的作用。而由于一直以来,理论界对于＂市场化＂和＂产业化＂均没有形成统一的概念和认识,二者经常被混淆,因此目前医疗卫生产业化的提法显得相当谨慎。该研究系统分析了市场与产业的区别,在此基础上明确市场化与产业化的本质差别;对医疗卫生产业化的内涵进行了综述和界定,对医疗卫生是否应该产业化的正反两方观点进行总结和评析,提出在当前国情下,医疗卫生应该继续走产业化改革和发展之路,并着重讨论了医疗卫生产业化发展的背景和意义、遇到的困难障碍及应对思路。 相似文献
5.
A probability model is developed for consumer choice among three television programming options, free over-the-air television, basic cable television service, and pay cable serve which consists of basic service plus a single channel of premium entertainment programming. Estimating equations for the demand for pay service are derived from the probability model and then estimated by applying regression techniques to data from a large sample of U.S. cable systems. The estimated parameters of the demand equation show that the demand for pay service is affected by the prices charged for both basic and pay service, by demographic characteristics of the households served by a cable system, and by the quality of programming offered on both basic and pay services. The demand estimates suggest that the introduction of pay service has substantially enhanced the likelihood of profitable operation for cable systems in major television markets. 相似文献
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本文通过探讨若干经济转型国家汇率改革的典型案例,剖析其汇改的路径选择与发展过程,进而总结其汇改的成功经验,汲取其汇改的失败教训,从中获得具有正反两方面的借鉴价值,这对于今后深化我国人民币汇改以及优化我国外汇管理大有裨益。 相似文献
8.
We use an internet survey conducted among a representative random sample of drivers in the State of Ohio consisting of a choice experiment designed to examine the mechanism driving asymmetric search. The internet survey affords us the opportunity to overcome endogeneity difficulties by imposing exogenous price changes on gasoline consumers to examine the decision-making process behind intended search decisions. We randomly assigned participants to one of five price treatments (either 2.5 or 5% above or below their reported expected price, or no change). We provide a simple empirical model to derive testable implications under prospect theory and use the internet survey to test them. Results indicate that among the respondents who faced prices below their expected price, only 12% chose to search, whereas 45% searched when prices were above. Further, we find results consistent with asymmetric search being driven by prospect theory. The change in consumers’ willingness to search is twice as large when prices exceed expectations by 2.5% relative to when prices exceed them by 5% suggesting that consumers derive utility of finding a good deal evaluated relative to a reference price. We show that this result is inconsistent with standard utility theory or consumers using alternative reference prices. 相似文献
9.
《Journal of Economic Policy Reform》2013,16(3):201-213
Many state public commissions have deregulated their utility markets. However, evidence of welfare or efficiency improvements under deregulation is ambiguous. It is also unclear why different states adopt consumer choice, price caps, sliding-scale plans, or retain rate-of-return regulation. This study evaluates several economic factors behind deregulation in gas distribution markets using a survey of state commissions. Logistic and hazard models show that utilities’ prices and capacity, and states’ stock of own gas wells, prices of competing fuels and the regulatory climate, help explain the pattern of deregulation. Demonstration effects from surrounding markets also contribute. These factors make the propensity to use price caps versus restructuring vary regionally. 相似文献
10.
从区位选择到空间集聚的逻辑演绎——探索集聚经济的微观机理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
现代区域经济学和空间经济学缺乏相应的微观基础,无法从微观主体的区位决策演绎到空间集聚.本文旨在探索个体选址行为到实现空间集聚的内在机制,并基于空间互补视角探讨了空间集聚的条件--自然的抑或人为造成的空间互补利益可以加速空间集聚,并使之在这一区位形成维持和锁定效应. 相似文献
11.
利用2002—2008年我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)电信市场的面板数据,采用对数差分两阶段最小二乘法,估计了我国移动语音通信市场的Marshall需求函数,进而测算了我国移动语音通信市场的消费者福利变化。结果表明:2002—2008年期间我国移动语音通信市场的消费者福利经历了一个持续增加的过程,但消费者福利增加呈明显的减缓趋势;消费者福利的持续增进主要是竞争导致的市场不断扩张和价格持续下降的结果,而价格下降速度变慢导致消费者福利增加趋缓;与发达国家相比,我国移动语音通信服务的价格仍然明显偏高,因此可进一步降低价格来增加消费者福利。 相似文献
12.
世界主要医疗保障体系比较——对中国“医改”的启示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建立成功的医疗保障体系是一个世界难题,也是我国目前所面临的重大发展问题。为了更好地探索医疗保障体系的实质和便于比较世界上主要医疗体系的特点,本文分析了四种医疗保障风险分担机制,进而根据其特征将主要发达国家的医疗保障体系分为三类。通过分析这三类医疗保障体系的卫生费用构成并与中国的进行比较,得出针对中国医疗保障体系改革和发展的相应启示。 相似文献
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In this article, we investigate a joint pricing and inventory problem for a retailer selling fresh‐agri products (FAPs) with two‐period shelf lifetime in a dynamic stochastic setting, where new and old FAPs are on sale simultaneously. At the beginning of each period, the retailer makes ordering decision for new FAP and sets regular and discount prices for new and old inventories, respectively. After demand realisation, the expired leftover is disposed and unexpired inventory is carried to the next period, for continuing selling. Unmet demand of all FAPs is backordered. The objective is to maximise the total expected discount profit over the whole planning horizon. We present a price dependent, stochastic dynamic programming model taking into account zero lead‐time, linear ordering costs, inventory holding and backlogging costs, as well as disposal cost. As the influence of the perishability, each customer selects his preferred choice based on the utility of product price and quality. By the way of constructing demand rate vector, the original formulation can be transferred to be jointly concave and tractable. Finally, we characterise the optimal policy and develop effective methods to solve the problem. We also conduct numerical studies to further characterise the optimal policy, and to evaluate the loss of efficiency under static policies when compared to the optimal dynamic policy. 相似文献
14.
Ralf W. Seifert 《Economics of Innovation and New Technology》2013,22(1):69-91
In many high-tech industries, the emergence of new digital technologies allows companies to develop converters to overcome technology incompatibility. In this paper, we analyze the effects of converter introduction on the adoption process of competing, incompatible technologies in the presence of network externalities. Converter introduction may accelerate, extend or reverse the technology lock-in process. We determine which conversion options are profitable for weak as well as for dominant incumbents, depending on the timing of converter introduction and the degrees of conversion. We find that the optimal strategy for weak incumbents is to introduce full one-way converters early. For dominant incumbents, the optimal conversion option is to provide two-way converters with partial compatibility for the users of the competing network at a later introduction time. We illustrate our analytical results with numerical examples. 相似文献
15.
美国作为世界上信用消费制度最发达的国家之一,其信用消费立法一直备受关注。2009年的《金融改革方案》虽然确立了消费者保护的目标,但也给经济发展带来了更大的不确定性。在信用消费立法联邦化的趋势下,州立法实施更为严格的消费者保护标准受到联邦优先权的重压,也从实质上削弱了对金融消费者的保护力度。中国应当借鉴美国信用消费制度,确立政府的监管目标和价值取向,以国家立法和地方立法相结合作为主要立法模式,完善信息披露制度并建立完备的信用评估体系,设立专门的信用消费者保护机构,以更好地维护消费者权益。 相似文献
16.
徐金秀 《生态经济(学术版)》2008,(10)
在我国近30年的经济高速增长背后,是资源的过度消耗,能源的枯竭,严重的环境污染,作为反映资源稀缺性而开征的资源税因税率过低、计征方式不合理等问题而没有起到应有的作用,资源税改革已迫在眉睫。文章首先说明了资源税改革的必要性,其次分别在宏观和微观层面讨论了资源税改革后的积极影响,并对相应问题提出了解决办法。 相似文献
17.
K. Conrad 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2000,15(2):159-177
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of anenergy tax on technical improvements and on prices ofconsumer durables induced by strategic competition inenergy efficiency. If the gasoline tax is raised thisdoes in principle not affect the producers of carsbecause the motorist pays for it in terms of a highercost of using the car. This, however, affects the unitsales of car producers because of substitution towardsother modes of transportation. A second element ofreaction to energy price variation is an indirect oneand relates to the effect of energy prices ontechnology. Competition forces car producers todevelop more energy efficient cars in order to reducethe cost of using a car. This indirect effect canpartly offset the direct effect of higher energyprices on demand if it is profitable for theautomobile industry to engineer more energy efficientequipment. We will analyze the impact of an energy taxon energy efficiency and on the price of a durablegood. This will be done within the framework of aduopoly competing in prices and in the energyefficiency of its products. The government chooses awelfare maximizing energy tax as an incentive toinnovate. Then we will analyze a strategic two-stagedecision process in which the duopolists first decideabout energy efficiency and then compete in prices. 相似文献
18.
We analyze product differentiation in a multi-dimensional model with non-uniform consumer distribution. The level of product differentiation is measured by both unit transport costs and firms’ locations. Our analysis concerns both measures. First, fixing firms’ locations, we show that equilibrium prices can increase or decrease with unit transport costs. The overall result depends on the interplay of a shifting effect and a rotating effect—the latter exists only in multi-dimensional models. Second, fixing unit transport costs, we find that under non-uniform distribution, there may exist no equilibrium where firms maximize differentiation on one dimension but minimize differentiation on other dimensions. Instead, there may exist an equilibrium where firms choose intermediate locations, contrary to common findings in existing studies which assume uniform distribution. 相似文献
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Bernard Steunenberg 《Constitutional Political Economy》2001,12(4):351-370
In this paper, I analyze how the enlargement process is connected to the currently proposed institutional reforms in the European Union. Although the official claim is that enlargement requires reform, the relationship between both processes needs clarification. The use of unanimity voting for policy issues leads to substantial deadlock in the current Union, a problem that could be solved by the introduction of (qualified) majority voting. Moreover, in view of its current inflexibility enlargement would only marginally decrease the Union's capacity to make decisions. Under qualified majority rule, enlargement is likely to have little or no effect on flexibility given the distribution of preferences of the member-states. Also, if qualified majority voting is used, enlargement would decrease the power of the current member-states in a future Union, especially the larger ones. This, and the possibility for current member-states to link enlargement with specific policy demands, could be the crucial factors in the timing and shaping of the enlargement process. 相似文献