作业成本法在温州A制鞋厂的应用

作业成本计算法是将着眼点放在作业上,以作业为核算对象,依据作业对资源的消耗情况将资源的成本追溯到作业,再由作业依据成本动因分配到产品成本的形成和积累过程中,从而得出最终产品成本。但是作业成本法在我国的应用还不普及,随着我国现代企业制度的建立,高科技逐渐被采用,有必要根据我国的具体情况,研究将其在我国企业运用的问题,尤其是在我国民营企业中的应用问题。本文以温州某制鞋厂为例说明应用过程和方法。     

作业成本软件的实现方案

为了正确、合理地分配制造费用，作业成本会计受到重视。它以合理分摊制造费用，正确计算产品成本为核心，将逐渐取代传统的成本计算方法。但目前国内软件成本核算还是采用传统的成本计算方法，无一家软件采用作业成本思想来计算、分配制造费用。针对这种情况，笔者拟对作业成本思路引入会计软件做一次尝试。作业成本的思路是产品消耗作业，作业消耗资源。它首先确认作业中心；其次将归集起来的成本或资源分配到每一作业中心；再选择各个作业中心的成本动因作为分配标准；最后将各个作业中心的成本依据各分配标准分配到最终产品。就是说制造…     

作业成本法在物资管理中的应用

作业成本法是一个以作业为基础的管理信息系统。它以作业为中心，依据不同的成本动因分别设置成本库，再以各种产品所耗费的作业量分摊其在该成本库中的作业成本。作业成本法将着眼点放在作业上，以作业为核算对象，依据作业对资源的消耗情况将资源的成本分配到作业，再汇总各作业成本，最终得出产品成本。作业成本法的前提是：作业消耗资源，产品消耗作业。本文就作业成本法在物资管理中的应用，进行阐述。     

我国企业作业成本管理现状及分析

本文简要从实施作业成本管理存在的观念落后、技术薄弱、素质低下等问题进行分析,并对此提出相应的树立作业成本管理意识,加强开发作业成本管理实施系统工具,全面提高企业员工素质等解决措施,尽可能的消除不能创造价值的作业,防止资源的浪费,最大限度地降低企业的作业成本,增强企业的营业利润,从而实现企业应用作业成本管理的目的。     

高级作业成本计算系统及其开发

作业成本计算(Activity Based Costing，简称ABC)的应用越来越普遍，然而，简单ABC系统存在诸多局限：忽视资源供求不平衡性，忽视浪费，忽视基本作业和辅助作业的差别性和成本标的的层次性。高级作业成本计算系(Advanced Activity—Based Costing System，简称AABCS）克服了上述缺陷。     

作业成本法在预算中的应用

作业成本法作为一种科学的成本计算方法，在我国已逐步为大多数企业所认识，并在一些企业中得到推广且取得很好的效益。基于作业成本法的预算管理体系，即作业基础预算，将作业成本原则扩展到预算领域，与传统预算法相比，无论是预算信息的准确性，成本管理的有效性，还是对企业整体管理水平的促进作用，都胜传统预算法一筹。作业基础预算建立在作业分析和流程优化的基础上，可以帮助企业更好地理解和管理所从事的作业和业务流程，进而为每一项流程和作业制定一套平衡的绩效衡量和目标体系，并把目标和职责落实到流程的分级体系，从而实现对预算执行过程的分析与控制以及预算执行结果的评价与考核。本文首先从传统预算的缺陷入手，剖析了改进传统预算的迫切性，提出作业基础预算的优势，最后提出作业预算法在我国实施的难度和解决方法。     

系统成本管理模式的主要框架

所谓系统成本管理模式。是指适应高新技术环境的需要，在适时生产系统下．根据目标成本和目标利润设计最佳产品．按照全面质量管理的要求，以理想的作业链进行生产，以作业成本法核算生产成本，按产品生命周期法披露成本信息的一种成本管理模式。系统成本管理模式的主要框架如下：     

作业基础预算与成本管理的比较与整合

作业基础预算与作业成本管理同属于企业管理控制工具，二者均是在作业成本计算的基础上发展起来的，为了更好地发挥这两个管理控制工具的作用，需要将二者有机地加以整合。     

试论作业成本管理的意义及应用

作业成本管理,能够促使企业加强成本有效管理并自主地改善生产流程及成本控制。企业通过对作业成本的分析,有利于企业得到更为准确的成本信息,可以从中找出企业自身的管理弊端,从而通过对管理制度及作业流程的改革,避免成本的浪费,从而达到企业作业链和价值链的改善,最终实现企业经营效益最大化的目标。     

作业成本计算法的应用

一、作业成本计算法的定义 作业成本计算法是以作业为基础，核算每一作业的成本，确认和计量耗用企业资源的所有作业，将耗用的资源成本计入作业，将所有作业成本分配给产品或服务的一种成本计算方法。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.