陕南退耕还林农户政策对耕地配置变化影响分析

文章依据安康市汉阴县蒲溪镇东升村和平利县长安镇高峰村的农户数据,就退耕还林政策对陕南退耕还林区域农户耕地配置变化的影响及效益进行了分析,得出相关结论;并就陕南退耕还林农户增收和退耕还林持续进行,提出了一些相关政策建议.     

退耕还林工程对农户生产要素投入与收入的影响——基于长期连续跟踪大样本农户数据

利用6省区、15县市、2707个样本农户1995—2016年连续跟踪调研数据,在充分考虑相关政策和市场因素等动态变化的基础上,定量估计退耕还林工程对农户生产要素投入的影响,采用递归方程模型估计了退耕还林工程对农户收入的直接影响(退耕还林补助与放弃的退耕地种植业收益之差)和间接影响(退耕还林工程引起生产要素配置调整带来的收入变化)。结果表明:第一,农户参与退耕还林使其耕地经营面积减少25.06%,林地经营面积增加57.88%,以土地为基础的生产费用减少11.41%,非农劳动力投入增加9.99%;退耕还林工程对样本农户以土地为基础的劳动力投入和种植业集约经营未产生显著影响。第二,退耕还林工程直接增加了样本农户3.73%的以土地为基础的收入,间接增加了8.57%的以土地为基础的收入和7.85%的非农收入。第三,相对于黄河流域,退耕还林工程对长江流域样本农户收入的直接影响较大,但间接影响较小。在退耕还林工程后续政策设计中,需充分重视退耕还林工程对农户生产要素投入和收入的影响及其路径,强化因地制宜的理念。     

退耕还林对农户可持续生计的影响

本文指出了退耕还林必然会对农户的生计造成一定的影响,短期来看对于农户的经济收入是有着显著的负面影响。退耕还林之后,农户很难在短时间之内找到替代而获得收入,退耕还林的有关补偿也是非常有限,所以农户的收入会受到一定影响。长远来看这有助于非农收入的增加,通过资产的累积促进农村社会资本的发展．进一步促进农户收入的增加。     

巩固退耕还林成果不可松懈

为全面总结交流“巩固退耕还林成果”工作经验，进一步增强全国对该工作的责任感和紧迫感，扎实推进各项建设任务，特别是基本口粮田建设，解决退耕农户长远生计问题，2010年6月18日～19日，“全国巩固退耕还林成果部际联席会议暨现场会”在陕西省商洛市柞水县召开。     

基于农户层面的退耕还林工程评价内容研究综述

文章通过系统梳理基于农户层面的退耕还林工程评价文献,文章从工程对农户的生计和收入作用、工程对农户的影响、农户对工程的认知意愿三个方面论述。     

我国农村社会养老保险证质押贷款模式选择

农村社会养老保险证质押贷款既是一种新的农户融资模式,同时又是一种新的农村社会养老保险基金投资方式,它将农户眼前的融资需求与未来的养老保障需求有机地结合在了一起,这对促进我国农村社会养老保险和农村金融的发展具有重要意义。"呼图壁模式"和"四川通江模式"是目前我国两种典型的养老证质押贷款运行模式。本文通过对这两种模式的比较,认为我国农村社会养老保险证质押贷款应选择"呼图壁模式",并进一步提出了完善"呼图壁模式"的对策建议。     

关中大力改善人居环境——关中地区退耕还林调查

社会学家评价，退耕还林工程让生态脆弱的陕北和陕南，在一退一还之间，找到了一条解决保护生态和实现退耕区农户生存发展矛盾的道路。那么，关中地区的退耕还林，则远远超出了防风固沙和保护生态的作用层面。     

庄园经济引导下的现代农村经济发展模式

文章在总结我国学者对现代庄园经济内涵与作用研究的基础上，阐述了现代庄园经济在连接企业、市民和农户，提高土地的利用效率，解决小农户大市场问题，打造一批新型的农业产业化龙头企业以及形成支柱经济等方面的重要作用。文章最后提出了庄园经济在中国发展的过渡模式：农户开发模式的庄园经济和农业大户经营方式。     

退耕还林工程绩效判断和对后续政策设计的思考——来自四川省的实证分析

随着经济林和生态林补贴陆续到期,国家还没有出台更为明确的退耕还林后续政策,如何维护现在的退耕还林成果,更大地激发农户以及社会的造林热情成为摆在人们面前的难题。本文通过对四川省几种典型区域实施退耕还林工程的情况的实地调查,以大量的案例来佐证对退耕还林工程绩效的基本判断,从中概括出影响退耕还林政策可持续性的风险并进行分析,为下一步后续退耕还林政策的设计和实施提供建议和参考。     

沙漠化治理政策实施中的监督博弈分析——以乌审旗退耕还林和禁牧政策为例

在退耕还林、禁牧等沙漠化治理政策实施的过程中,以政府作为监管者和农户作为最终实施者的主要利益主体间的较量就没有停止过。本文以内蒙古乌审旗退耕还林和禁牧政策为例,从博弈论的角度来深层次探讨监管者和农户在政策约束下的经济行为,从而对沙漠化治理政策的实施状况提出自己的思考。     

安徽农户投资行为影响因素的实证分析

农户是农业投资的重要主体,文章以安徽为例,建立计量经济模型,运用C-D生产函数对影响农户农业投资的因素与农户投资之间的关系进行回归分析,指出各因素对农户投资的影响程度,并就此提出增加农户投资的几点政策建议.     

养羊场户标准化生产经营行为的进化博弈分析

标准化生产经营是转变养羊业生产经营方式，提高养羊业综合实力，实现羊产业健康发展的重要途径。本文运用进化博弈的双种群博弈理论，研究了养羊场户和政府之间关于标准化生产经营行为的决策过程及其影响因素。研究表明，采用标准化生产经营行为的超额收益、补贴收益、奖励资金，以及不采用标准化生产经营行为的环境损失、潜在损失和采用前的风险发生率等对养羊场户采用标准化生产经营行为决策的演进方向有正影响；采用标准化生产经营行为的投入成本和采用后的风险发生率对养羊场户采用标准化生产经营行为决策的演进方向有负影响。     

洪涝灾区养猪场户生产恢复行为影响因素的实证分析——基于山东省潍坊市7个县（市、区）的调查

2018年8月,山东省潍坊市爆发了特大洪涝灾害,寿光等7个县(市、区)的养猪场户受灾严重,洪涝灾区养猪场户生产恢复状况成为政府和社会各界时刻关注的热点问题。基于230个养猪场户的调查数据,运用Logit模型实证分析了洪涝灾区养猪场户生产恢复行为的影响因素。研究结果表明:在230个受访养猪场户中,有52.61%选择恢复生产,有47.39%放弃恢复生产并转行;家庭年均收入、养殖年限、是否参加养殖合作组织、养猪业前景预测、有无政府扶持、有无金融机构优惠、有无社会捐助等7个因素对洪涝灾区养猪场户生产恢复行为具有显著影响。     

Incomplete property rights, exposure to markets and the provision of environmental services in China

This paper uses data from a 2003 rural survey to examine the determinants of household provision of environmental services under China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), the largest payments for environmental services program in the developing world. The paper examines the determinants of plot-level survival rates of program-planted trees and grasses. It finds that household rights over retired land as well as autonomy in program decision-making (which we argue on the basis of supportive evidence are plausibly exogenous to post-retirement outcomes) have important and potentially countervailing impacts on the provision of environmental services targeted by the program. Households permitted to select what to plant obtain better program outcomes, but do not make the choices that the government would like them to, while those permitted to decide what land to retire perform worse. The analysis also finds that households more vested and experienced in agriculture and with less exposure to off-farm labor markets fare better in managing their planted trees. Significant learning-by-doing effects are also evident, suggesting that greater technical support to farmers could improve outcomes and lower program costs.     

Contract Farming in Mozambique: Implications for Gender Inequalities Within and Across Rural Households

This paper analyses the implications of contract farming for gender inequalities in rural Mozambique. Contract farming is often considered one of the major tools of agribusiness development. It broadly includes those arrangements under which producers commit to providing cash crop to a buyer firm. This paper exploits a panel dataset (2002–2005) collected by the Mozambican Ministry of Agriculture among a nationally representative sample of rural households to explore contracts’ implications for gender equality both across and within households. We look at both the participation of female‐headed households in contracts and the impact of establishing a contract on a set of intra‐household women empowerment indicators. Concerning the first, our results confirm a (small though significant) effect of selection out of contracts of households where a woman is the household’s head. With regard to the second, we expect contrasting effects to be at work: on the one hand, increased income may relax budget constraints improving women’s living conditions, and on the other, we may expect a shift in favour of men of the control over the household’s assets. We find different results according to the indicator used; after controlling for selection bias, we find no effect on control over land but a negative effect on women’s access to extension services.     

Persistence of full- and part-time farming in Southern China

The goal of this study is to assess the dynamics of rural households' labor market participation in the wake of China's efforts to develop rural labor markets in a manner that is conducive to its transition to a market economy. Based on a theoretical model that emphasizes the impact of duration, i.e. of the number of years households spent part-time farming or full-time farming, respectively, we investigate the shifts between these two states. We also identify socioeconomic factors that determine these shifts. The empirical study is based on discrete time hazard approaches, using micro-level panel data from Zhejiang, Hubei, and Yunnan provinces from 1995 to 2002.Estimation results suggest relatively high chances of shifts from full-time to part-time farming and a considerable lower risk for the shift in the opposite direction. Significant negative duration dependence is found for the move from full-time to part-time farming suggesting lock-in effects. In addition, we find that labor market participation decisions are significantly related to several household, farm and village characteristics. In particular, the likelihood of shifts from full-time farming to part-time farming is positively related to the educational level of households' workforce.     

Agriculture looks for ‘shoes that fit’: The production responsibility system and its implications

by the end of 1981 problems clearly recognized within the communes included low productivity, the failure to accumulate funds for modern inputs, inefficient and corrupt cadres, hidden unemployment, inability to stimulate growth in other than major crops and disappointingly low levels of peasant incomes in many counties. In north China, peasants in 1980 began to divide up the collective fields on communes into smaller plots for cultivation by households and labour groups. Since then the face of China has been altered — physically, politically and organizationally — by the creation of the ‘responsibility system’ largely outside party control and influence. ‘Document 75’ of September 1980 sanctioning some form of ‘production responsibility system’ was itself overtaken by events, as a bewildering variety of forms emerged, swamping the cadres. Practice was rapidly expanding beyond the theoretical discussions, or pronouncements of officials like Du Runsheng The paper describes each of the many forms of contracting between peasant groups and the State now current in China, with estimates of the relative proportions of the accounting units involved in each type (Table 3). New contradictions are already emerging in the changed rural set-up, partly because farm management problems bear similarities to those that confronted the open-field strip farming of the European Manor, while the incentive to have more hands on family farms contradicts official Chinese population policy.     

供应链管理模式下我国农产品物流发展探析

供应链管理是一种先进的管理模式,供应链物流管理是物流管理的新方向。农产品物流作为现代物流的重要组成部分,本文在阐述农产品物流内涵、特点及剖析农产品物流发展现状的基础上,提出要用现代理念打造农产品物流,积极探索农产品物流的供应链管理模式,并对实现此目标当前要解决的关键问题进行了探讨。     

Consumption externalities,market imperfections and optimal taxation

In a dynamic model with a keeping‐up‐with‐the Joneses preference and market imperfections, we attempt to investigate under what circumstances and for what reason the optimal tax should be state‐varying. We extend the Ljungqvist and Uhlig (2000) proposition to include preferences that exhibit non‐homotheticity. We show that a keeping‐up‐with‐the‐Joneses preference (a non‐intertemporally‐dependent preference) can lead the social planner to commit to a state‐contingent tax on labor income. Moreover, the optimal labor income tax can be either procyclical or countercyclical with respect to economic fluctuations, this crucially depending on whether the level of contemporaneous consumption increases or decreases the wedge between the intertemporal substitution elasticity of households and of the social planner.     

农户信贷行为影响因素的实证分析

农户是农村经济结构中最基本的经济单位和最直接的参与者,其行为直接关系到农村金融安排支持农村经济发展的效果。文章以二元Logistic模型为基础,利用220户农户调查数据,对农户从农信社贷款可得性的影响因素进行了实证分析,研究表明,影响农户信贷可得性的因素主要包括农户内在性因素和农信社外在性因素,其中,农户家庭年收入、户主对农信社的了解和有无借贷经历等内因性因素对农户信贷可得性的影响显著为正,农信社贷款额度、贷款效率等外因性因素对农户信贷可得性的影响分别显著为负和正。