Targeting Conservation Investments in Heterogeneous Landscapes: A Distance-Function Approach and Application to Watershed Management

To achieve an environmental objective at least cost, decision makers must integrate information about spatially variable biophysical and economic conditions. Although the biophysical attributes that contribute to an environmental outcome are often known, the way in which these attributes interact to produce the outcome is often unknown. We introduce a nonparametric conservation targeting approach that relies on distance functions to cost-efficiently allocate conservation funds. We apply the approach empirically to the case of conservation contracting for water-quality objectives. The contract portfolios derived from the application have many desirable properties, including intuitive appeal and robust performance across plausible parametric scoring measures.     

小流域水资源动态模型研究初探

文章介绍了以松花江水系陡嘴子河的仁国点集水小流域为例,根据获得的基础资料,经分析整理验证,给出小流域水资源动态模型,为小流域水资源的持续高效利用服务。     

恶臭假单胞菌对松花江饮用水净化能力的测定

环境的破坏使人类饮用水污染日趋严重,常规的饮用水净化措施以现象不足,生物强化菌株的选育已经日渐成为研究的工作重点。研究从松花江哈尔滨段饮用水水源地中分离获得一株恶臭假单胞菌。将其接入松花江原水,培养24小时后,通过UV254、TOC、CODMn等指标的测定,其对原水三种指标去除率可以达到19.16%、25.88%和20.69%,因此可以达到净化松花江饮用水水源地的目的。     

粮食主产区妇女的农田水利管理模式偏好及参与灌溉管理意愿研究

粮食主产区担负着保障国家粮食安全的重任,农田水利是农业生产的基础。在新型城镇化背景下,妇女是农业生产的主要劳动力。粮食主产区妇女的农田水利管理模式偏好及参与灌溉管理意愿对确保粮食安全至关重要。结果表明,集体化、家庭化解决了分散、细碎农地的灌溉问题,乡村精英能降低农田水利市场化程度,男性青壮年劳动力可缓解农田水利的灌溉压力。"单打独斗"的灌溉管理模式不足以保障水田作物的季节性需求。农村教育、耕地面积、乡村精英管理有助于增进妇女参与农田灌溉管理的意愿。     

迷茫中林业经济管理学科:发展旅程的断裂和知识结构的困惑

1955年以来,中国林业经济管理学科经历了三代人的努力,其发展旅程嵌入了政治因素、社会经济发展因素和学术代际替换的影响,学术传承连续性不够,连同行政化的教育科研体系,林业经济管理学科的学理基础和知识结构十分混乱。森林作为环境和发展的纽带,为林业经济管理学科战略性建构提供了足够的空间。中国林业经济管理学科应当兼容发展理论和生态系统管理理论的知识体系,着力于森林管理实践,寻求中国林业经济管理学科的知识结构,在中国生态文明建设和世界可持续发展中获取学术空间。     

黄河工程管理现代化建设探讨

在分析当前黄河工程管理在管理体制和运行机制等方面存在问题的同时,论述了“数字工程管理”的概念和建设的必要性及建设目标、建设内容等。总的建设思想是在继承传统工程管理绎验的基础上,敢于创新、与时俱进。在试点工程管理建设过程中,成熟一个项目推广一个。     

松花江水污染防治

通过松花江水质现状分析,指出污染防治的必要性和综合性;提出要在点源工业污染和城市污染治理的同时,还要把农业面源污染提到日程,加强面源污染的综合防治。     

中国林业经济管理学学科问题初探

简要阐述了林业经济管理学科毕业生就业难和学科发展研究少现象,进而从学科性质,功能,理论构架,学科领域研究现状等方面分析了该学科存在的问题,并提出了认清学科性质、完善学科理论构架、推动学科领域科研工作开展、学科教学和科研功能共同实现的建议。     

林业经济管理博士学位论文中研究方法的自陈情况分析

学位论文中研究方法是非常重要的一部分,本研究采用内容分析法,对中国4所典型的林业类高校中林业经济管理专业博士学位论文中研究方法的自陈情况进行分析,同时对不同高校的博士学位论文中研究方法的自陈情况进行比较分析,发现这些博士学位论文中研究方法方面存在的问题,最后对这些问题给出解释,并给出两点改进的意见。     

环境管理与中国能源资源的开发利用

文章对我国能源资源开发利用的现状及对环境的负面影响进行了全面的分析 ,指出能源资源的开发利用对环境的负面影响除了自然的、科学技术方面的原因外 ,大多是管理上的问题 ,认为通过加强环境管理 ,很多问题可以得到解决。在此基础上提出了能源资源环境管理的概念、内容和原则。     

Spatial Dynamics of Water and Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Agriculture

Dynamic optimization of crop production with nonuniform irrigation and nitrogen carryover and leaching is considered. A production function system with thresholds, plateau maximum, and yield reduction is estimated from experimental data; rapid convergence to a steady-state is observed. Spatial variability implies a 40% increase in applied water and a six-fold increase in nitrate emissions, while dynamic optimization has more modest impacts. Nitrate emission control is accomplished primarily through reduced applied water, illustrating a strong cross-policy effect. Significant levels of water conservation and nitrate pollution control are achieved at relatively low cost with traditional irrigation systems and baseline conditions.     

A Spatial Econometric Approach to the Economics of Site-Specific Nitrogen Management in Corn Production

The objective of this study is to determine the potential for using spatial econometric analysis of combine yield monitor data to estimate the site-specific crop response functions. The specific case study is for site-specific nitrogen (N) application to corn production in Argentina. Spatial structure of the yield data is modeled with landscape variables, spatially autoregressive error and groupwise heteroskedasticity. Results suggest that N response differs by landscape position, and that site-specific application may be modestly profitable. Profitability depends on the model specification used, with all spatial models consistently indicating profitability, whereas the nonspatial models do not.     

广东省国有天井山林场可持续经营模式研究

本文在调查研究基础上 ,全面回顾了国有天井山林场大办小水电的创业历程 ,系统总结了天井山林场的经营模式 ,旨在探索国有林场集约化可持续经营之路。     

Adoption of SWC measures in South Limburg (The Netherlands): Experiences of a water manager

In the loess area of the southern part of Limburg soil erosion is responsible for damage in the agricultural area and the associated runoff leads to flooding of urban areas and deposition of mud on the infrastructure.Since the second half of last century erosion hazards and damage have increased, due to more intensive tillage of the soil. With a general use of artificial fertilizers, organic matter content of the soil dropped to critical levels. Besides that, activities in agriculture like enlargement of fields, use of heavy machinery and activities outside the agricultural area like the extension of the built-up area and infrastructure led to less infiltration and consequently to more runoff. The expected change of the climate – more intensive rain showers – may even aggravate the erosion problem in the future. Moreover, the general policy of protection of the urban areas against flooding is developing to a higher protection level.The public sector is responsible for general policies to control erosion and to bring the damage of flooding back to acceptable levels. The basic principle is to tackle the erosion problem at the source, on the farmer's field with measures among others by the introduction of non-turning-ploughing and mulching and preservation and expansion the area of grassland. At local level, specific erosion control measures and financial arrangements are made. Municipalities are supposed to prepare and guide local level erosion plans, where measures are taken to complement the individual on-farm erosion control measures. Municipalities have to solve small-scale problems (bottlenecks) with local flooding and sedimentation of mud, especially on infrastructure. To prevent flooding the Water Authority has the task to develop the water infrastructure mainly to buffer water and to convey runoff at a safe discharge (grass strips, grassed waterways).In the combat against erosion the farmers and the farmer's organizations took their responsibility. The efforts resulted in 1990 in an Erosion Ordinance (EO) lately revised in 2003. The EO is primarily a responsibility of the farmer's organisations. In 2000 authorities involved in erosion and flood control signed a covenant in which generic and specific interventions were agreed upon to realize in a period of 4 years. Tough the agreed measures are only partly realized in this period, the intentions of the covenant are still valid. In 2003 the farmer organizations introduced in the revised EO a new instrument: the Farm Erosion Management Plan (FEMP) in which a farmer can take its own responsibility to keep erosion risk at an acceptable level and to organize his own farm strategy. By taking enough measures in the FEMP, the farmer gets dispensation of several measures otherwise due to the EO. Farmers can rely on EU-subsidies when applying erosion control measures (cross-compliance). Both the EO and the FEMP are part of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).In spite of legislation, accepted responsibilities at different levels and financial support (incentives), erosion control interventions do not (yet) cover the whole area and not all stakeholders are equally motivated to implement and maintain the measures. In practice monitoring of the fulfilment of the EO and the FEMP is quite complicated, because of scattered land property, the complexity of the instruments and lack of (trained) controllers. At the moment the Water Authority is evaluating the effectiveness of measures taken by the FEMP in relation to general legislation of the EO.At municipality level several plans to solve the problems at locations where flooding and mud deposition occurs frequently are ready, but lack of funds will postpone execution of some of them.     

甘肃农村小型水利工程管护效率影响因素研究

以甘肃省定西、白银、庆阳等12市州36县区89个乡镇为研究区域,选取实地调研数据,采用排序Logit选择模型,对影响农村小型水利工程管护效率的因素进行分析。结果显示:农户对小型水利工程管护的参与行为受自身多种因素影响,农户年龄、家庭收入和家庭人口对农村小型水利工程管护效率影响不显著,农户性别、受教育程度、家庭种植规模对管护效率具有显著负向影响,家庭养殖规模对管护效率显著正向影响。基于此,提出了提高农户综合素质,鼓励农户适度规模经营等建议。     

清末晋南乡村社会的水利管理与运行--以通利渠为例

本文以清末晋南地区临汾、洪洞、赵城三县境内的引汾灌渠——通利渠为例，通过对水利组织结构、权限、内部关系、选举换届、经费来源等的研究，复原了清朝末年该地区乡村社会水利的管理与运行状况，探讨了水利灌溉系统的性质。认为灌溉系统作为地缘因素突出的水利实体有其自身的独立性和稳定性，但仍与国家和社会等多方力量发生着互动关系。