A Study of Sustainable Development of China＇s State-Level Economic and Technological Development Zones

State-level economic and technological development zones (ETDZs) are products of China‘s reform and opening-up policies and a new engine of growth for the Chinese economy. They have made tremendous contributions to the development of the Chinese economy. However,some problems have emerged in the course of this progress and new challenges are still lying ahead. Sustainable development is possible only when the strategy and objectives of development are adjusted, when the integrated investment environment is optimized, when industries are upgraded, when technical innovations are made, when independent innovation capabilities are lifted, when the mode of economic growth is changed, and when innovations are made in government management.     

Governance and Economic Development in Africa Since 1970s in Comparison with East Asian Countries

The central argument of the article is that bad governance has been both the source and the consequence of the economic underperformance of African countries. Economic development is the end to be achieved in a sustainable way and this cannot be guaranteed without strong institutions under the conditioning of good governance and if possible democracy. Thus, at the heart of achieving economic development as indicated by East Asian countries and some countries that are able to register economic development in Africa recently, such as Ethiopia and Rwanda among others, they are building the appropriate institutions and policies, which are key to the process of economic growth by affecting the incentives to accumulate, innovate, and accommodate change. The article compares and contrasts governance and economic development between Africa and East Asian countries. It also reflects the lessons learned from East Asian countries to bring rapid economic growth and development in Africa.     

The theory of the characteristic agriculture＇s development

The development of characteristic agriculture is the important way to adjust the agricultural structure and increase the farmer＇s income, and improve agricultural competitiveness. Scientific understanding of the basic characteristic agricultural content and features and grasping its basic ideas of development is the fundamentality to guide the economic development of agriculture. Based on the research of other scholars as a reference to agricultural development and based on the actual in Henan characteristic agriculture, we attempt to summarize the feature of the theory of agricultural development which can provide reference for the practices of characteristic agriculture.     

Analysis of China＇s Renewable Energy Development under the Current Economic and Technical Circumstances

At present, the development of renewable energy relies mainly on government support. The government invests in a considerable number of projects to improve public welfare and to assist in poverty relief If China is to replace fossil fuels on a large scale with renewable energy sources, the production costs and prices of renewable energy must be brought down. All countries are facing the challenge of moving to a more secure and low-carbon energy system without weakening economic and social development. In this regard, China is facing an even greater challenge in terms of economic cost, as cheap coal remains the main energy form. Technical innovation and industrialization in the area of renewable energy is an important means of lowering cost. China is in for a period of high-speed development of its economy and the rising demand for energy is irreversible. If the technical progress and development speed of renewable energy lags behind the growth in demand, it will be difficult to realize the improvement of its energy structure.     

Chinese green GDP and green charges accounting in 1990s

How to evaluate and judge the process of social and economic development, and how to promote the social and economic development by means of the proper economic instruments, which are two key issues to realize sustainable development for any country and region in the world today. One basic analysis of Chinese sustainable development evaluation and policy choice is made on the basis of the integrated accounting of environment ＆ economy. The whole paper includes three sections： Section 1, methodology, in which framework of green input-output accounting （GIOA） for natural resources-economy-environment （LEI, 1997, 1999, 2000 and 2003） is introduced; Section 2, trial estimate of Chinese environmental adjusted GDP （Green GDP） and analysis of Chinese green charges are included; Section 3, conclusions and policy choice, in which some policy suggestions for Chinese sustainable development are given.     

On the coordinated development of tertiary vocational education and regional economy

This paper analyzes the relationship between tertiary vocational education and regional economic development and stresses that strengthening tertiary vocational education to train a large number of talents is a key strategy for successful regional economic development. This paper also puts forward that the development of tertiary vocational education must be coordinated with the regional economy.     

Financial Intermediation Development and Economic Growth： Does the Chinese Counterexample Exist？

In terms of the degree-of-freedom of bank loan decision-making, the ratio of loans of private enterprises and individuals to total loans is used to measure the development of China ＇s financial intermediation. Applying generalized method of moments estimation developed for dynamic panel data models, the present paper finds that the effect of financial intermediation development on economic growth is positive and statistieally significant when controlling for other variables, such as human capital foreign direct investment, securitization and foreign trade. The empirical results indicate that the concept of the so-called Chinese counterexample in financial development is questionable. Financial system reforms, including encouraging banks to operate independently, reducing or eliminating mandatory loans, and maldngfinancial decision-making more market-oriented, are important for China＇s economic growth.     

Regionalism and East Asian economic integration

The wave of economic globalization moves to all the countries in the world to be integrated with multilateralism and by promotion of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization （GATT/WTO）. Meanwhile, the growth of regional economic integration has been one of the major developments in international economic relations, and undoubtedly regionalism is a part of the global economic environment. The objective of the paper is to review the trends and highlight the prospects for enhancing economic integration in East Asia. This paper has argued that the emerging East Asian economies have achieved sustained economic development and poverty reduction through domestic structural, institutional and governance reforms as well as through market-driven integration with the global and regional markets. Though this process was temporarily interrupted by the Asian financial crisis in 1997-1998, the economies have pursued further liberalization and reforms, deepened economic integration through trade, FDI and finance, and regained dynamic growth. The author argues that the reasonable choice for Eastern Asian countries is to deepen their economic integration and the optimal strategy is fostering economic integration with institutional cooperation.     

Guest Editors’ Introduction

China has entered a new stage of social and economic development,having eliminated absolute poverty by the end of 2020.Common prosperity will be a new goal in this new development stage.There are domestic and international reasons for China to promote common prosperity as a new development goal.Domestically,the reform and opening-up policies over the past 40 years have promoted rapid economic growth and a considerable improvement in Chinese living standards but the problem of unbalanced development has not been solved effectively.This problem is manifested in all aspects of social and economic development,including excessive income inequality and unfair income distribution,regional disparities,a significantly large urban-rural gap,and unequal access to basic public services among different population groups.     

Knowledge Economics： Institutional Analysis on Human Capital Property Right Motivation——Theoretical Innovation of China＇s Human Resource Management

Human capital is the main sustentation of economy＇s sustaining development in knowledge economy era. To form, use and collocate human capital will be a determinant factor in a country＇s economy increase. It is the common challenge faced by all countries that how to form ample human capital recourses and how to effectively play the role of human capital in social economic development. Motivation mechanism, especially the motivation function of human capital is a lever for human capital to form and effectively play effects.     

The Research on the Relation between China＇s Accession to WTO and China＇s Economic Development under the Theory of Comparative Advantage

According to the theory of comparative advantage, the relation between China＇s accession to WTO and China＇s economic development is studied. And a positive conclusion is presented in this article.     

ECONOMIC RESEARCH JOURNAL

Established in 1955, the Economic Research Journal （Jingji Yanjiu） is a comprehensive Chinese economics journal sponsored by the Institute of Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and circulated worldwide. It has been adhering to the principle of maintaining high academic standard, keeping pace with the times, upholding innovation and promoting forward thinking. Based on China＇s realities and geared to the forefront of the international economics research, ERJ is devoted to publishing high-quality and original theoretical articles on economic issues that have cropped up during China＇s reform and opening-up, economic development and institutional restructuring.     

Is There a ＂Middle-income Trap＂？ Theories, Experiences and Relevance to China

Through review of relevant studies and analysis,this article indicates that the "middle-income trap " is in line with the framework of the mainstream economic growth theories, and,therefore,it is a useful concept through which we can analyze economic growth phenomena in specific economic growth phases.The empirical experiences of many countries also indicate that at specific middle-income stages,economies with high rates of growth tend to encounter economic slowdown or even stagnation.The article shows that China is facing the challenge of determining how to move smoothly beyond the middle-income stage of economic development,while taking into account the shifting population structure,changing resource endowment and growth patterns.The article,drawing on international experiences, puts forward several policy suggestions relating to improvement in total factor productivity, expansion of human capital accumulation and deepening of system and government function reforms.     

Financial Development, Economic Growth and Adaptive Efficiency： A Comparison between China and Pakistan

The strong economic growth in China is difficult to reconcile with its inefficient financial system. The puzzle of China＇s financial development and growth can be explained through a dynamic criterion of adaptive efficiency, rather than through allocative efficiency. Using the framework of an autoregressive distributed lag model, the present paper tests the hypothesis that the GDP growth rate is dependent on financial development along with other variables in China and Pakistan. The hypothesis cannot be rejected in both cases. However, the results show that economic growth has a negative relationship with credit to the private sector in China. We conclude that financial development is a source of China＇s high growth rate and that the banking system is still under an evolutionary process, involving the pursuit of social objectives instead of the sole objective of profit maximization. Our results provide some implications for other developing countries like Pakistan.     

英文文摘

Cultural and Creative Industry Development China Rethinking
At present, the fundamental issue of China＇s economic structure is to resolve the contradictions. The new urgent consumer market needs to be expanded and the new demands hot spots urgently need to be created. In this financial crisis, China＇s economic development has to not only solve the internal and external structural imbalances but also stimulus the formation of new growth engines.     

Derivative Process Model of Development Power in Industry： Empirical Research and Forecast for Chinese Software Industry and US Economy

Based on the concept and theory of Development Power, this paper analyzes the transferability and the diffusibility of industrial development power, points out that the chaos is the extreme of DP releasing and order is the highest degree of DP accumulating, puts forward A-C strength, the index of adjusting and controlling strength, and sets up the derivative process model for industrial development power on the Partial Distribution By the derivative process model, a kind of time series model, we can describe the process of industrial development effectively, and can forecast the future direction of industry or economy. Finally, by making use of the actual data of Chinese software industry and data of USA GDP （chained） price index, we give the examples of empirical analysis, and forecast the future of Chinese software industry and USA economic development. The conclusions in this paper are believed to be valuable and significant to guide the establishment of the industrial policy and to control the industrial development.     

Game analysis on enterprise technological innovation

In 21^st century, the world economy has developed to a brand-new stage, and enterprises competition has formed a new trend. At the same time, technological innovation has already become the most important foundation of the core enterprise competitiveness. In China, there are more than 22 million enterprises with different scales. Although they contribute a lot to the economic development of China, their survival and development meet gigantic challenges in the intense international competition. Therefore, it is vitally significant seeks the impulse of technological innovation and enhances the international competitiveness in order that the enterprise can make the new contribution to Chinese economic development. Through describing the present enterprises＇ scale, quantity and contribution, this paper puts forward the game question of studying technological innovation motives and costs in enterprises with different scales. Based on examples, it analyzes advantages and disadvantages of large, medium and small-sized enterprises to take technological innovation, finds out i.he Nash equilibrium between static games and infinitely repeated games, and draws the conclusion that technological innovation is necessary for medium and small-sized enterprises keeping their existence in drastic competitive market, and the large innovation is the great impulse pushing economic development. In the drastic international competition, it is very urgent for enterprises with different scales to establish and implement effective development strategy of technological innovation. The paper not only brings forward that large, medium and small-sized enterprises should adopt co-petition strategies in technological area, associating complementary and benefit from each other in order that they can achieve innovative corporation, specialization, formalization and standardization, but considers the associated innovation with win-win target. The inevitable best choice keeping different scale enterprises continually develop in the future.     

Economic Analysis on Emissions Trading of China

With the development of China＇s economy, the environmental pollution becomes more and more serious. The economic crux of environmental pollution is external diseconomy; it causes the market malfunction. To solve the problem of environmental pollution, the government needs to take measures to carry on essential intervention to the market. Government interference includes administrative measures characterized of orders and controls and the economic means based on market; the latter mainly includes two kinds of measure： emissions charge and emissions trading. On the contrary, emissions trading have great advantages; it is on terms that the gross control index of disposal of pollutants is confirmed, using the market mechanism, through emissions trading between the polluters, to achieve the low cost pollution control.     

Challenges of accessing and utilizing funds by small and medium enterprises in tourism and hospitality industry in Nigeria

The role of small and medium enterprises in economic development cannot be overemphasized. The positive economic impacts of tourism are derivable in a destination economy when small and medium enterprises are actively involved in the provision of tourism services and facilities. This paper seeks to investigate through desk research the challenges of accessing funds by small and medium tourism and hospitality enterprises in Nigeria, the various attempts by the government to put in place viable institutions that would make funds accessible to SMEs in the industry and why the various attempts failed. The paper, in realization of the critical role of capital in enterprise development, proffers solution, which among other things is the immediate implementation of the Tourism Development Fund （TDF）.     

Long-Term Development Trend of China＇s Economy and Importance of the Circular Economy

This paper aims to explore the solution to the contradiction between economic growth and resources and the eco-environment, based on an analysis of the features of China‘s economic development trend within a given future period, by promoting a new paradigm of technological economy, and speeding up development of the circular economy.