An Experimental Study on the Effect of Budget Information on Balanced Scorecard Preparer Individual Learning

We examine whether budgets affect individual learning in balanced scorecard (BSC) preparers for the purposes of scorecard target setting. Control systems research has called for studies examining the impact of multiple controls on common decision‐making phenomena. Given this, are there other cybernetic controls (budgets) that might influence the decisions of BSC preparers? From an experimental study involving 235 postgraduate university candidates, our findings suggest that the awareness of progressively greater budget information amongst BSC users in high uncertainty environments engenders greater individual learning about the organisation, altering BSC preparer target‐setting choices. Interestingly, this learning does not necessarily lead to better budget‐actual outcomes, but informs BSC preparers of the constraints facing the organisation from a funding ‘supply side’ perspective. The oft‐criticised budget, even within high uncertainty conditions, facilitates learning in a BSC system originally purported to replace or advance the traditional system. Finally, we contribute more broadly to a growing literature evidencing the appropriateness of budgets in flexible environments, by arguing for its impact on other performance management systems.     

中国信贷市场非均衡状况:估计与分析

本文借助于Burkett的双曲交易函数对1980～2003年中国信贷市场的非均衡状况进行估计,从而明确了中国信贷市场各年的非均衡状况(供大于求还是供不应求)与非均衡程度。结果发现:信贷需求者的意愿需求、供给者的意愿供给均经常大于实际供给。中国信贷市场的意愿供给数量主要取决于计划的经济增长率、当年通货膨胀率、储蓄存款余额年增长率。中国信贷市场的意愿需求数量主要取决于预算内基本建设投资增长率、固定资产投资增长率。     

A study of the linkages between rolling budget forms,uncertainty and strategy

Addressing the dearth of studies on rolling budgets, we investigate how the importance of rolling budgets for various planning, control and evaluation reasons relate to a business unit's strategy and uncertainty, and report on the variation in these responses when partitioned into quarterly and monthly rolling budget types. We use a survey instrument with responses from 182 rolling budget firms in our investigation. Our findings reveal consistencies as well as deviations between our sub-samples (quarterly and monthly rolling budgets), and the total rolling budget sample. We report that the way rolling budgets relate to uncertainty and strategy in organisations are substantively different for monthly and quarterly rolling budget types, and vary across planning, control and evaluation budget reasons. Our findings show a greater sensitivity between monthly rolling budgets and uncertainty/strategy, and virtually nil relations between quarterly rolling budgets and uncertainty/strategy. We posit that monthly rolling budgets are used in a manner more traditionally associated to rolling budgets in prior studies, while quarterly rolling budgets might be used relatively more symbolically or in response to external pressures such as earnings forecast requirements, and are less sensitive to established organisational antecedents such as uncertainty/strategy.     

小微企业的物联网供应链融资模式创新研究

供应链融资以核心企业为中心为上下游企业提供融资,可以缓解链上的小微企业资金紧缺,并成为小微企业的主要融资方式之一,但同时也受到信息孤岛、不便监管等因素的制约。物联网技术将物与物以及人与物进行信息转换连接,具有“可视化”监管、多向交互式联系等特点,可以实现对现实世界的货物信息等的实时跟踪。从互联网供应链融资模式发展现状出发,通过分析认为风险连锁扩大、信息判断失误、监管难度加大等问题是互联网背景下供应链融资模式发展中存在的主要问题。尝试设计物联网供应链融资模式框架,从数据处理平台、模式运行路径等机制进行论述。结合典型应用案例分析物联网供应链融资在小微企业的应用,探索小微企业融资的创新模式,剖析实际运行中可能出现的问题,并提出了强化物联网运行安全、加强质押物监管等建议。     

审计成本控制框架设计与运行——基于价值链预算角度

会计师事务所与一般企业一样,需要控制其成本以提高绩效,而"通过分析企业价值链,制定出预算,进而通过预算实现对成本控制"的价值链预算可以铸造具有系统功能的"审计成本控制链"。审计成本控制链是审计人员接受委托到最后审计报告提供给投资者决策使用的整个过程中对审计成本发挥控制作用的各种因素及其所形成的控制链条。对"审计成本控制链"上各作业单元进行分析,可以测算出完成每个作业所需不同级别审计人员的审计时间,进而编制出初始的预算成本;当发现新的审计线索时,增加审计程序不可避免,预算也必然会随之进行调整;为检验调整的合理性以及更好地发挥预算对成本控制的效果,还需要在审计项目结束时,对预算的编制及调整进行评价。从预算的编制到预算的调整再到对预算实施效果评价,在逻辑上就构成了完整的成本控制链条。     

An integrated approach to supply chain risk analysis

Despite the increasing attention that supply chain risk management is receiving by both researchers and practitioners, companies still lack a risk culture. Moreover, risk management approaches are either too general or require pieces of information not regularly recorded by organisations. This work develops a risk identification and analysis methodology that integrates widely adopted supply chain and risk management tools. In particular, process analysis is performed by means of the standard framework provided by the Supply Chain Operations Reference Model, the risk identification and analysis tasks are accomplished by applying the Risk Breakdown Structure and the Risk Breakdown Matrix, and the effects of risk occurrence on activities are assessed by indicators that are already measured by companies in order to monitor their performances. In such a way, the framework contributes to increase companies’ awareness and communication about risk, which are essential components of the management of modern supply chains. A base case has been developed by applying the proposed approach to a hypothetical manufacturing supply chain. An in-depth validation will be carried out to improve the methodology and further demonstrate its benefits and limitations. Future research will extend the framework to include the understanding of the multiple effects of risky events on different processes.     

供应链金融利益主体的多阶段博弈研究

现代经济中,金融在资源配置方面发挥的作用明显不足,出现严重的资源浪费和供需错配现象,加剧了中小企业面临的融资难问题.本文从供应链金融的内涵切入,建立以利益相关者为主体的融资量化模型,利用多阶段博弈理论对企业不同模式下的成本收益进行检验,结果表明:供应链金融在实现上、下游各利益相关者个体的最优化的同时,也可有效促使供应链整体的利益最大化、实现高效运作和价值增值,全面实现链上企业间的资源共享、互利共赢.     

Leading a supply chain turnaround

Just five years ago, salespeople at Whirlpool were in the habit of referring to their supply chain organization as the "sales disablers." Now the company excels at getting products to the right place at the right time--while managing to keep inventories low. How did that happen? In this first-person account, Reuben Slone, Whirlpool's vice president of Global Supply Chain, describes how he and his colleagues devised the right supply chain strategy, sold it internally, and implemented it. Slone insisted that the right focal point for the strategy was the satisfaction of consumers at the end of the supply chain. Most supply chain initiatives do the opposite: They start with the realities of a company's manufacturing base and proceed from there. Through a series of interviews with trade customers large and small, his team identified 27 different capabilities that drove industry perceptions of Whirlpool's performance. Knowing it was infeasible to aim for world-class performance across all of them, Slone weighed the costs of excelling at each and found the combination of initiatives that would provide overall competitive advantage. A highly disciplined project management office and broad training in project management were key to keeping work on budget and on benefit. Slone set an intense pace--three "releases" of new capabilities every month--that the group maintains to this day. Lest this seem like a technology story, however, Slone insists it is just as much a "talent renaissance." People are proud today to be part of Whirlpool's supply chain organization, and its new generation of talent will give the company a competitive advantage for years to come.     

基于价值链的企业研发预算编制方法研究

预算管理是企业研发管理中的一个重要方面,将价值链的思想引入到企业研发预算管理中,从企业内部价值链的角度,探讨了基于企业价值链的研发预算编制方法。提出了由研发预算编制循环体系、研发预算目标的确定、研发价值链分析和资源分配所构成的研发预算编制模式。     

Even beyond humanity – a comment on ‘Change and commitment: beyond risk and responsibility’ by Silvio Funtowicz and Roger Strand

Due to past major food scares, food-safety perceptions have become a widely investigated topic. The aim of the present study was to examine food-safety perceptions separately for every step of the total meat supply chain, as such a detailed approach yields more promising strategies to ensure food safety in the future. Using a large-scale survey, we examined people’s risk perceptions of 18 steps describing the total meat supply chain. The results revealed a clear distinction between risk perception at the production stage and risk perception at home in the total meat supply chain, in that people perceived significantly less risk at home. However, people’s risk perceptions of the single stages in the total meat supply chain were overall slightly above average. Additionally, there were individual differences, as risk perception at the production stage was highly correlated with risk perception at home, meaning that some people perceived more risk than others overall. Using a multiple regression analysis, we found food-safety perceptions to be barely significant next to other important variables affecting people’s meat-consumption decisions. For those analyses, we asked participants to assess several constructs previously found to be associated with meat consumption. The goal was to determine how food-safety perceptions influence people’s meat consumption next to other important constructs in situations in which no major food scandal is present. The present paper concludes by discussing possible marketing and policy strategies to overcome people’s inaccurate safety perceptions of the stages of the total food chain.     

基于质量安全的食用农产品供应链管理创新研究

从分析食用农产品供应管理实践的现状及基于质量安全的食用农产品供应链管理的关键性因素入手,提出了基于质量安全的食用农产品供应链管理创新的建议：创新供应链管理的组织模式,建立“农户＋合作社＋产地批发市场”的供应链组织模式和“企业＋合作社＋基地”的供应链垂直一体化模式;创新食用农产品供应链的运行管理,建立以信息化平台为基础的过程管理和供应链协调机制,建立可追溯体系;创新食用农产品供应链物流管理,发挥第三方物流的优势,推广冷链物流,利用供应链物流管理新技术,满足差异化需求。     

论价值链会计管理框架

本文从价值链理论与会计管理理论出发,分析了一个基于价值链分析的会计管理框架,该框架以时间序列为基础,并结合了不同价值链的特点,具体包括事前的预测、决策和预算,事中的实时管理与控制,事后的分析与考评。与已有文献不同的是,本文对该框架的分析深入到了具体的组成部分与运行机制。     

RESPONSE OF STOCK PRICES TO MONEY SUPPLY ANNOUNCEMENTS: AUSTRALIAN EVIDENCE

This paper extends the literature on the money supply announcement effect by examining the response of stock prices to the monthly announcements of the money supply made in Australia. The unexpected component of the money supply change is identified using both a market based survey of expectations and rolling ARIMA time series models. The analysis is further extended to examine the impact of the money supply announcements during the period of monetary target-ting; the cross-sectional impact of the announcements across various stock price indices and the pre- and post-announcement responses of stock prices. The results documented show no evidence of a significant stock price response to the money supply announcements in Australia.     

Implementing budgetary control in the performing arts: games in the organizational theatre

When administrators or political bodies try to enforce implementation of new management control systems on organizations, various forms of conflicts and games may be observed in the implementation process. Different rationalities are brought face-to-face in the discourse on implementation, and the process will be influenced by some form of political behaviour. A political perspective will call attention to such issues as the players, power and games. By adopting the concept of budget games in an analysis of the actions related to the implementation process we try to show how we can gain a better understanding of the behaviour exhibited by the various groups involved and of the outcome of the process. Observations from a case study of the Royal Danish Theatre show how different budget games emerge in a process in which the Theatre, the Danish Treasury Department, and various actors inside and outside the theatre have been engaged over a period of 15 years, in an attempt to implement a new management control system at the theatre. The management control system being implemented is a combination of a new accounting system and a new planning and budget system. First, we will discuss the strengths of the concept of budget games and the possibilities that it offers for a better understanding of organizational actions related to the implementation of budgeting systems. In addition, we will look at reforms in the public sector with a special view to the role of budgetary control systems. A framework for using budget games as an analytical tool in understanding implementation processes is developed and applied to the case. The analysis shows how various budget games emerge in the organizational field. The budget games start when an individual or a group wants to address an issue and encounters opponents. The analysis also demonstrates how one budget game may create a counter-game. Finally, the findings and their implications are discussed. The analysis demonstrates the usefulness of the budget game perspective in understanding the implementation of accounting systems and the behaviour of the various groups involved or af fected by the system.     

The New Business of Government Budgeting: Reporting Non-Financial Performance Information in Victoria

Since the early 1990s the general and financial management of the Victorian public sector has been significantly transformed. This research examines and explains the content, nature and quality of non-financial disclosures, including those related to performance indicators, through a disclosure indicator analysis of reporting practices in recent government budget papers. It reports the results of its application to the last three years' budget papers. The findings highlight the problems in the reporting of non-financial performance indicators in the Victorian budget papers. These results indicate a significant gap between "official" expectations of the type of items required to be reported and actual budgetary reporting practices – some many years after regulation and major financial accountability reforms have taken place.     

The New Business of Government Budgeting: Reporting Non-Financial Performance Information in Victoria

Since the early 1990s the general and financial management of the Victorian public sector has been significantly transformed. This research examines and explains the content, nature and quality of non-financial disclosures, including those related to performance indicators, through a disclosure indicator analysis of reporting practices in recent government budget papers. It reports the results of its application to the last three years' budget papers. The findings highlight the problems in the reporting of non-financial performance indicators in the Victorian budget papers. These results indicate a significant gap between "official" expectations of the type of items required to be reported and actual budgetary reporting practices – some many years after regulation and major financial accountability reforms have taken place.     

企业研发预算管理:现状·问题·出路

预算管理是企业研发管理中的一个重要方面,本文根据对企业研发预算管理的调查,分析了我国企业研发预算管理现状及其主要问题,提出了改变目前企业研发预算管理状况的思考。认为企业在研发预算管理中应当树立资源效率与价值链思想,同时改革现行研发预算管理模式,建立契合研发活动特点的动态预算管理模式,并建立研发预算管理信息系统。     

从紧货币政策背景下的银行机构经营选择及赢利能力分析

从理论上讲,货币政策调整存在着利差变动效应,而实际利差直接影响着银行机构的盈利能力。但从实证结果来看,非对称加息、法定存款准备金率提高以及公开市场操作等政策工具对银行机构的实际利差影响效果都不明显,而对称性加息的效果显著。商业银行应该根据货币政策的实际利差变动效应采取应对措施。     

区块链技术助力新能源供应链金融发展研究

传统新能源供应链中存在信息交互及时性、真实性难以保障,优质核心企业缺 乏,风险控制不足等问题,具有去中心化、可溯源、信息不可篡改、智能合约等特点的区块链 技术为供应链金融创新发展提供了有利条件。在解析新能源供应链金融存在的问题基础上,分 析区块链技术在新能源供应链金融中应用的优势,提出将融资租赁公司融入新能源供应链作 为核心企业,构建基于区块链的新能源供应链金融新模式,并对可能存在的风险进行了分析。     

农业供应链金融视角的农户信用增进研究

基于核心企业的横向选择、横向监督和商业激励行为,采用“主体+债项”的评价方法,综合主成分分析法和Logistic回归方法,考量农业供应链金融的农户信用增进机制。结果表明：农业供应链金融能显著提高农户的守约概率,实现农户的信用增进。鉴此,应转变农户信用风险评价方式,构建内外部增信机制,发展农业供应链金融,缓解农户信贷约束。