北京市农业节水再上新台阶的思考

北京市农业节水在取得辉煌成绩的同时,如何在21世纪的征程上再上新台阶。关键是要总结经验,认真解决好节水形式单一、科学研究跟不上生产发展的要求及管理滞后、机制不活、影响效益发挥等问题。本文对解决这些问题提出了一些建议。     

火电厂汽轮机热管式冷油器的研制与应用

针对汽轮机列管式冷油器存在的问题,开发研制了热管式冷油器并成功应用,不但解决了油污染的问题,而且冷却效率高、节水,便于维护检修。     

农田节水灌溉现状与对策分析

我国是一个农业大国,灌溉对于保障粮食生产稳定具有重要作用。中国的水资源能否支撑国民经济的高速发展已成为社会关注的焦点。我国水资源时空分布极不均匀,且水资源供需矛盾日益尖锐,解决用水供需矛盾,推行节约用水理念已成为必须要解决的问题。但是,现在国内对于农业方面节水问题的重视程度还不够,在未来一段时间内,相关学者和专家应该把这个问题重视起来。本文从目前我国节水灌溉技术发展的现状入手,分析农田灌溉工作中存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策,希望对于我国的节水事业有一定的帮助。     

节水减污工业结构调整研究——以珠江三角洲地区为例

节水减污是以源头控制方式解决工业水污染问题的重要措施,工业结构调整则是实现工业节水减污的主要途径之一。本文以我国工业化程度较高的珠江三角洲地区的工业为研究对象,探讨了工业结构节水与减污水平的测度方法,提出了工业结构取水量和工业结构节水指数两个工业结构节水水平的测度指标以及工业结构废水排放量、工业结构COD排放量、工业结构废水减排指数和工业结构COD减排指数四个工业结构减污水平测度指标,并在分析珠江三角洲地区工业结构节水与减污水平的现状与潜力的基础上阐述了以节水减污为目标取向的工业结构调整的对策。     

农业节水技术推广关键影响因素探究

农业节水技术是提高农业生产水平,促进农业可持续发展的有效手段,不论是耕地面积的扩大还是单产产量的提高,这些粮食增产手段都离不开灌溉,随着世界水资源的日益紧缺,水资源不足已成为制约农业发展的主要因素,只有推广农业节水技术才能有效解决我国当前农业生产所面临的问题.下面文章对于农业发展中所面临的现状与问题进行相应阐述,并根据问题提出了解决措施,仅供参考.     

节水灌溉工程中存在的问题与对策

随着我国经济社会的进一步发展,水资源的战略性地位日渐重要。发展节水灌溉,已经成为缓解我国水资源紧缺矛盾的战略选择。面对新的形势,必须进一步认清形势,提高认识,切实把节水灌溉作为一项革命性措施来抓。为此,提出了解决这些问题的对策。     

基于节水节能的建筑给水系统优化

大力提倡建立资源节约型社会,提高节水节能在建筑给水设计中的重要性,有着显著的社会和经济效益。本文分析了我国节水节能技术的现状和有待解决的问题,将节水节能思想与层次分析法相结合,在此基础上提出采用优化后的层次分析法进行建筑给水系统方式的优劣性分析;在对人们生活用水习惯、卫生器具压力与流量关系进行理论分析基础上,提出通过减压来优化超压出流的思想。期望通过本文的阐述,增强节水节能观念在给水系统设计中的应用。     

水资源与我国农业的发展

水资源不仅是我国社会经济发展中越来越突出的问题,而且已经成为我国农业发展的瓶颈。节水农业和农业污染的治理,是解决社会经济发展和农业水资源问题的关键。     

辽宁水资源面临的问题及治理初探

辽宁是一个缺水省份,缺水已制约了辽宁省经济的发展和社会的进步.辽宁省的水资源现状急需加强多方面的保障措施建设.要解决存在主要问题的突出矛质,必须建立与水资源优化配置相适应的节水工程,与农业发展想适应的节水灌溉技术.     

山西煤电工业循环经济研究

本文在分析山西当前煤电工业现状和存在问题的基础上,以循环经济理念为指导,提出从提高燃煤发电效率、综合利用煤电工业废弃物、实施节水措施等角度解决山西煤电工业存在的问题,从而从技术层面和政策层面把握山西煤电发展循环经济。     

解决陕西水资源短缺的对策

分析了陕西省水资源现状和存在的问题,针对陕西实施山川秀美工程水资源的严重短缺,提出了节约用水、建立节水型社会、加强污水资源化、实施空中增雨工程、科学管理等对策。     

我国农业水权制度改革探讨

通过对我国农业用水现状的经济学分析和国外水权制度安排的研究,指出中国作为农业大国在引进水市场机制的过程中,更应重点关注农业水权制度的改革和切实保障农民利益;同时在借鉴国外水权制度的基础上结合我国农业水权的实际,提出了我国农业水权制度改革的若干思考和建议。     

Water trade in Andalusia. Virtual water: An alternative way to manage water use

The main idea of this paper is to analyse the relationships between the productive process and the commercial trade with water resources used by them. For that, the first goal is to find out, by means of the estimation of virtual water, the exported crops which have the highest water consumption. Similarly, we analyse the crops that are imported and therefore, might contribute to save water. The second objective is to put forward new ways to save water by means of the virtual water trade.This first conclusion contradicts not only the comparative advantages theory but also the environmental sustainability logic. The previous conclusion is derived from the great exports of water via potatoes and vegetables, and also via citrus fruit and orchards; and, on the other hand, from the imports, such as cereals and arable crops, with lower water requirements. The second conclusion affirms as Andalusia utilises large amounts of water in its exports, and in turn, it does not produce goods with low water requirements, the potential saving would be very significant if the terms of our trade were the other way round. We are convinced that the agricultural sector must modify the use of water to a great extent in order to reach significant water savings and an environmental sustainability path.     

Sustainable development of Shandong peninsula Peninsula urban agglomeration: a scenario analysis based on water shortage and water environment changes

China has experienced a rapid urbanization since late 1970s. The great increase of urban population has resulted in various environmental changes, of which urban water shortage and water environment problems have occurred in most cities, especially in the rapidly developing urban agglomerations in the eastern coastal region. This research, taking Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration (SPUA) as a case study area, analyzes the urbanization expansion in the last decades, discusses the water shortage and water environment changes following the rapid economic development and urbanization such as groundwater sinking in the urban and plain area, sea water and salt-water intrusion in the coastal cities, water pollution overspreading and "water ecosystem degradation, and puts forwards some strategies for sustainability in populous regions with severe water shortage. Some countermeasures for sustainable development of SPUA are put forward, such as modern water resources inter-city networks to regulate water resource between cities, adjusting urbanization policy and urban scale planning to promote the development of small towns and medium sized cities, optimizing urban industry structure by restricting high water consumption enterprises and stimulating the growth of tertiary industry, improving water use efficient to reduce freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge, introducing economic means to water pricing and water management system. and restoring ecological conditions to strengthen the natural water-making capacity.     

Water accounting in Australia

This paper introduces water accounting as produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). It provides information about the ABS Water Accounts and highlights the many other organisations involved in the provision and use of water related data in Australia. The ABS Water Accounts have built upon previous reports on Australian water resources and the System of Environment and Economic Accounting [UN (United Nations) 2003. Draft Handbook Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting. Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 61, Rev. 1. United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, World Bank. New York.]. Information from the ABS Water Accounts is presented along with examples of their use in economic analyses designed to inform public debate and government decision-makers.A key feature of the Australian environment is that water is relatively scarce when compared with other inhabited continents. Rainfall displays a high level of spatial and temporal variability and droughts are common. In 2004 an Intergovernmental Agreement on a National Water Initiative (NWI) was reached by Australia's national and eight state and territory governments. The NWI aims to address environmental, economic and social concerns about the current and future state of Australia's water resources. The NWI specifically calls for the preparation of annual water accounts, which clearly indicates the expected usefulness of national and regional water accounts.     

虚拟水及其在缓解区域水资源短缺中的应用研究

虚拟水是指生产商品和服务所需要的水资源数量。虚拟水战略是指贫水国家或地区通过贸易的方式从富水国家或地区购买水密集型农产品(粮食)来获得本地区水和粮食的安全。本文在综述前人对虚拟水研究的基础上,计算了2002年甘肃省及不同地区主要农产品虚拟水含量,并对甘肃省加强虚拟水贸易的战略进行了探讨。     

The water market in Israel: An example for increasing the supply

In this study we search for solutions to the problem of Israel's water shortage. To illustrate the shortage, we first model the water market in Israel, i.e., the corresponding supply and demand of water, and from it the dynamics of water prices. A direct way to solve the shortage problem and to reduce the high equilibrium price can be found via a different way of sharing water among the Levant countries, or by bringing more water from outside the region. The latter can take the form of conveying Nile water or water from Turkey or by constructing desalination plants along the shores. In this study we concentrate on the importing of Nile water.The costs of most of the solutions are too high compared to the returns to water in agriculture. This relation is continuously changing with the increasing demand for water for domestic and agricultural use. Our analysis shows that within 5–10 years the marginal value product of water in the area west of the Jordan river would equal the marginal costs of water from the Nile, $0.40m³.     

Reprint of: Sewage Pollution and Institutional and Technological Change in the United States, 1830-1915

This article examines institutions for water pollution control and their interaction with water supply and sanitation technologies in the United States before the First World War. The article discusses how growth of settlements polluted waters and created pressure to adopt local institutional responses and networked water supply and sewerage technologies in the mid-19th century. However, the new urban technologies undermined local institutional responses and expanded the scale of water pollution problems they were expected to resolve. Water companies, households and local governments litigated their water pollution conflicts in the courts in the absence of other alternatives. In the end of the 19th century, many states adopted water pollution policies. At first, public health authorities enforced the new policies to protect public water supplies from sewage contamination. However, when the effectiveness of filtration and chlorination of drinking water was demonstrated in the early 20th century, public health authorities ceased to enforce discharge prohibitions and instead pressured water companies to adopt the new technological measures to protect public health.     

征收水污染税的设想

随着水污染问题的日益严重,世界各国,尤其是西方一些发达国家,纷纷采取措施来保护水环境,改善水质。在诸多的保护措施中,征收水污染税已被证明是一种行之有效的新举措。在我国,水环境污染已相当严重,加剧了水资源的供需矛盾。因此,借鉴国外先进经验,开征水污染税,在不断完善防止水污染的法律法规的同时,充分发挥税收杠杆的调节作用,是我国治理和保护水环境的有效途径。     

我国省域水资源的可持续利用初探*——以辽宁山东等省供水量指标为基础数据

水资源承载力的确定是经济可持续发展决策的前提。本文通过相对水资源承载力的动态分析方法,透析辽宁、山东等省份水资源短缺和超负载的现状,揭示可控因子,进而提出水资源可持续利用的对策。