发展草食牧业要采取灵活多样的经营形式

湖南牧草资源具有两个明显的特点:第一,草场类型繁多,以通道县为例,除有35万亩混牧林可养牛一万头外,还有103万亩草场资源可载畜6.3万头牛。在这103万亩草场资源中,有山地草丛类草场21万亩,灌木草丛类草场15万亩,疏林草丛类草场21万亩,零星草地46万亩。由于零星草地系田埂     

我国土地利用情况的参考资料

一、我国的陆地概况我国的陆地面积约为960万平方公里,占亚洲大陆面积的22％,为全世界陆地面积的6.4％。我国的地形复杂,从世界屋脊的青藏高原,到海拔较低的平原。概括起来可分平原、盆地、丘陵、山地和高原,都有大面积的分布。同时还有许多河流和湖泊。辽阔的海域,众多的沿海岛屿。 1.平原、盆地、丘陵、山地和高原我国的地势,海拔在500米以下的约占25.2％,500～1,000米的占16.9％,1,000～1,500米的占18.2％,1,500～2,000米的占6.8％,2,000～3,000米的占7.0％,3,000米以上的约占25.9％。我国是多山地的国家,山地、丘陵和高原共占66.1％(其中,山地占43.5％,丘陵占     

漳浦县贫瘠丘陵台地的立体开发

<正> 漳浦县位于闽南沿海,有丘陵山地164.13万亩,占全县土地总面积的56.20%,其中丘陵台地89万亩,占丘陵山地总面积的54%。为了探索充分利用南亚热带光热水的有利条件,提高丘陵台地的土地利用率,把资源优势转化为商品优势和经济优势的途径,我们于1984年2月在本县中部低山丘陵类型区选定了     

山西省土地资源可持续利用的对策

一、土地资源特点、现状和问题(一) 我省土地资源的特点是资源的总量较大,但人均占有量少。据1994年的统计资料,山西目前人均占有土地面积7.78亩,低于全国人均12.15亩的水平,人均林业用地面积和草地面积分别为1.83亩和1.7亩,也都低于全国人均林业用地3.33亩和草地面积5.06亩的水平。人均耕地面积1.8亩,虽略高于全国人均耕地1.2亩的水平,但由于山西地处黄土高原,山地丘陵居多,平地水地居少,耕地后备资源严重不足。     

我国土地资源面临10大问题

日前,国土资源部有关方面汇总的情况表明,我国土地资源面临10大问题。一、总面积世界第三,人均占有居第120位。全国人均土地、人均耕地、人均有林地和人均草地分别为12．6亩、l．59亩。1．6亩和38亩,比世界同类指标少60％－80呢。二、人均耕地少。现有耕地19．5亿亩（用占世界7％的耕地养活着占世界22％的人口）,人均1．59亩,不及世界平均水平（3．75亩）的43％。三、山地丘陵多,耕地总体质量差。土地面积中,山地、高原和丘陵占69％,分别为33％、26％、10％;盆地和平原只分别占19％和12％。四、东西部资源匹配失衡。东部地区占全…     

山地特色稻田综合种养分析——以贵州遵义地区为例

正贵州地区地处中国西南腹地,全省地貌可概括为:高原、山地、丘陵和盆地四种基本类型,素有"八山一水一分田"之说,属亚热带湿润季风气候,四季分明,雨量充沛。一方面贵州亚热带湿润季风气候为水稻种植提供了良好的生长条件,另一方面充沛的雨量和水资源又为稻田实施综合种养提供了条件和可能,但贵州地区多山地、多丘陵的地势地貌又在一定程度上     

湖南草地资源及其开发利用研究

湖南省具有草甸类、草丛类、灌丛类、灌木林类、疏林类、林间类和农林隙闲地类等多种类型的草地,草地面积大,分布广泛。草地植物种类繁多,牧草生产力较高。目前湖南草地资源利用程度不高,以载畜量计利用率仅为67％,草食畜牧业生产水平低,经济效益不理想。因此,根据不同草地资源类型的自然特点和不同区域的社会、经济、技术状况,制订科学合理的草地资源开发政策,采取适当的生产技术和方法,将大力推进湖南草地资源的开发利用,也将对湖南农村经济的调整和改善作出贡献.     

浙江省土地利用现状概查

浙江省位于东南沿海,118°～123°E,27°—32°N。境内丘陵和山地占70.4％,平原占23.2％。西南部山地,大部份地区海拔高度1000米以上,中部广大地区为不到500米的丘陵山地,几十个盆地错落其间,许多地方的河谷较宽,为发展农业创造了有利条件。东北部的杭嘉湖平原、钱塘江两岸平原、宁绍平原、温台平原等地势低平,水网稠密,是中外闻名的农业区。     

江西省土地开发整理工程类型区划分研究

研究目的:探讨江西省土地开发整理工程类型区划分,为编制《江西省土地开发整理工程建设标准》服务。研究方法:综合分析法与文献资料法。研究结果:将江西省土地开发整理工程类型区划分为鄱阳湖平原岗丘类型区、赣中丘陵盆地类型区、赣周边丘陵山地类型区等3个工程类型区,环湖圩田平原、河网平原、河谷盆地、岗地低丘、红砂岩类丘陵、丘陵低山等6种工程模式。研究结论:江西省土地开发整理工程类型区的空间布局、土地利用主导限制因素和土地开发整理目标的确定,为土地开发整理工程建设标准编制提供基础,为规范江西省土地开发整理提供依据。     

浙江山地丘陵野生动物的作用和利用

浙江地处东南沿海,为典型的季风型亚热带地区。气候温暖湿润,年平均温度为16°—19℃,年平均降雨量从北往南,由1200mm递增到2200mm。全省面积10.2万km~2,70％为丘陵山地。东北部为平原;西部多一千米以上的山脉,龙泉境内的黄茅尖海拔1921m,西天国海拔1507m;中部为500m以下的丘陵,并形成一些大小不同的盆地。山地丘陵植被以常绿阔叶林和亚热带针叶林为主,针阔混交林和毛竹林,山地灌丛和山顶灌丛草甸也有相当面积,这些年来,已有相当数量的落叶阔叶林和灌丛为单纯的人工林和经济林所代替。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.