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1.
Mine Ertugrul Özcan Sezer C. F. Sirmans 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2008,36(1):53-80
This paper studies the determinants of corporate hedging practices in the REIT industry between 1999 and 2001. We find a positive
significant relation between hedging and financial leverage, indicating the financial distress costs motive for using derivatives
in the REIT industry. Using estimates of the Black–Scholes sensitivity of CEO’s stock option portfolios to stock return volatility
and the sensitivity of CEO’s stock and stock option portfolios to stock price, we find evidence to support managerial risk
aversion motive for corporate hedging in the REIT industry. Our results indicate that CEO’s cash compensation and the CEO’s
wealth sensitivity to stock return volatility are significant determinants of derivative use in REITs. We also document a
significant positive relation between institutional ownership and hedging activity. Further, we find that probability of hedging
is related to economies of scale in hedging costs.
相似文献
C. F. SirmansEmail: |
2.
Kim Hiang Liow Kim Hin David Ho Muhammad Faishal Ibrahim Ziwei Chen 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2009,39(2):202-223
We study international correlation and volatility dynamics of publicly traded real estate securities using monthly returns
from 1984 and 2006. We also examine, for comparison, the correlations among the corresponding stock markets. A multivariate
dynamic conditional correlation model captures the time-varying correlation within the full period. We confirm lower correlations
between all real estate securities market returns than those between the stock market returns themselves. Some significant
variations and structural changes in the correlation structure happened within the sample period. We detect a strong and positive
connection between real estate securities market correlations and their conditional volatilities. We also find the international
correlation structure of real estate securities and the broader stock market are linked to each other. Our results have economic
motivations regarding the potential integration of international real estate securities markets and the possibility of including
information on changing correlations and volatilities to design more optimal portfolios for international real estate securities.
相似文献
Kim Hiang LiowEmail: |
3.
Kevin C. H. Chiang 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2009,39(1):74-91
This study decomposes real estate investment trust (REIT) returns into two components: (1) real returns, and (2) public returns.
The real returns are based on the changes in the private, appraisal-based net asset values of REITs, whereas the public returns
are measured by the variations in REITs’ premiums/discounts. This study then investigates the price discovery of REIT prices.
The results indicate that lagged public returns are useful in predicting real returns. In addition, the study documents concurrent
factor exposures for public returns and lagged factor exposures for private returns under a variety of asset pricing models.
Overall, the results are consistent with the notion that public markets are more efficient in processing information.
相似文献
Kevin C. H. ChiangEmail: |
4.
Robert D. Campbell Erasmo Giambona C. F. Sirmans 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2009,38(2):105-114
We study long-horizon shareholder returns in a comprehensive sample of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) mergers, to test
whether or not the anomaly of post-merger underperformance observed in conventional firms applies to the case of REITs. Constructing
synthetic benchmark portfolios controlling for firm size and for book-to-market value ratio, we find that 60-month buy-and-hold
abnormal returns for REIT acquirers are significantly negative at approximately −10%, supporting the position that REIT merger
acquirers underperform non-merging REITs in the long run. We find no evidence to challenge previous studies reporting positive
announcement period returns for acquirers when the target is privately held, but we do find evidence that these positive returns
do not persist. The long term performance of acquiring REITs is approximately the same whether the target is public or private.
相似文献
C. F. SirmansEmail: |
5.
6.
In this paper we offer direct evidence that financial intermediation does impact underlying asset markets. We develop a specific
observable symptom of a banking system that underprices the put option imbedded in non-recourse asset-backed lending. Using
a dataset for 19 countries and over 500 real estate investment trusts, we find that, following a negative demand shock, the
“underpricing” economies experience far deeper asset market crashes than economies in which the put option is correctly priced.
相似文献
Susan WachterEmail: |
7.
We examine Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) that went public between 1986 and 2004.
Consistent with previous studies, we find that REIT IPOs are associated with lower levels of underpricing relative to traditional
issues. We also find that REITs are associated with smaller file price revisions. Both findings are potentially attributable
to the lower level of uncertainty associated with pricing REITs. In contrast, using an alternative measure of issuance costs
that incorporates the share retention decision by preexisting owners, we find no significant difference between REIT and non-REIT
issues, suggesting the results of previous studies are not robust to various specifications of issuance cost and that preexisting
owners do not necessarily benefit from the lower level of underpricing. Additionally, we find no difference in the issuance
costs of equity versus mortgage REITs, particularly once we control for the use of umbrella partnerships.
相似文献
Mark K. PylesEmail: |
8.
Martin Hoesli Colin Lizieri Bryan MacGregor 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2008,36(2):183-206
Historic analysis of the inflation hedging properties of stocks has produced anomalous results, with stocks often appearing
to offer a perverse hedge. This has been attributed to the impact of real and monetary shocks to the economy, which influence
both inflation and asset returns. It has been argued that real estate should provide a better hedge: however, empirical results
have been mixed. This paper explores the relationship between commercial real estate returns and economic, fiscal and monetary
factors and inflation for US and UK markets. Comparative analysis of general equity and small capitalization stock returns
is carried out with inflation divided into expected and unexpected components. The analyses are undertaken using an error
correction approach. In the long run, once real and monetary variables are included, asset returns are positively linked to
anticipated inflation but not to inflation shocks. Adjustment processes are, however, gradual and not within period. Real
estate returns, particularly private market returns, exhibit characteristics that differ from those of stocks.
相似文献
Bryan MacGregorEmail: |
9.
Jaroslaw Morawski Heinz Rehkugler Roland Füss 《Financial Markets and Portfolio Management》2008,22(2):101-126
This paper addresses the question of whether shares of public real estate companies should be treated as real estate or as
equity investments. Because theoretical considerations do not suffice for making such a classification, we empirically investigate
correlation structures and cointegration relationships of private and public real estate and equity markets for the United
States and the United Kingdom. Our results suggest that public real estate stocks show similarities to the general stock market
with regard to short-term return co-movements. For long-term investment horizons, the interdependence between direct and securitized
real estate is much stronger. However, in the latter case, real estate stocks substantially lead the private property markets.
相似文献
Roland FüssEmail: |
10.
We investigate 95 takeovers of property companies all over the world and find that only two of those are hostile. To determine
the effectiveness of the market for corporate control, we first study characteristics of targets and acquirers compared to
a control sample, using the complete global universe of listed property companies during the most recent takeover wave (1999–2004).
We find that the inefficient management hypothesis holds for both REITs and non-REITs, as targets exhibit significant underperformance
before takeovers. In the second part of this study, we investigate shareholder wealth effects following takeovers and confirm
previous findings that abnormal returns for targets and bidders are distinctly different for the real estate sector. Moreover,
we show that this difference not only holds for REIT-to-REIT mergers, but also for mergers of real estate firms without a
REIT-status.
相似文献
Piet M. A. EichholtzEmail: |
11.
Fabrice Barthélémy Jean-Luc Prigent 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2009,38(1):59-87
This paper examines the properties of optimal times to sell a diversified real estate portfolio. The portfolio value is supposed
to be the sum of the discounted free cash flows and the discounted terminal value (the discounted selling price). According
to Baroni et al. (Journal of Property Investment and Finance 25(6):603–625, 2007b), we assume that the terminal value corresponds to the real estate index. The optimization problem corresponds to the maximization
of a quasi-linear utility function. We consider three cases. The first one assumes that the investor knows the probability
distribution of the real estate index. However, at the initial time, he has to choose one deterministic optimal time to sell.
The second one considers an investor who is perfectly informed about the market dynamics. Whatever the random event that generates
the path, he knows the entire path from the beginning. Then, given the realization of the random variable, the path is deterministic
for this investor. Therefore, at the initial time, he can determine the optimal time to sell for each path of the index. Finally,
the last case is devoted to the analysis of the intertemporal optimization, based on the American option approach. We compute
the optimal solution for each of these three cases and compare their properties. The comparison is also made with the buy-and-hold
strategy.
相似文献
Jean-Luc PrigentEmail: |
12.
Jim Clayton David C. Ling Andy Naranjo 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2009,38(1):5-37
This paper investigates the role of fundamentals and investor sentiment in commercial real estate valuation. In real estate
markets, heterogeneous properties trade in illiquid, highly segmented and informationally inefficient local markets. Moreover,
the inability to short sell private real estate restricts the ability of sophisticated traders to enter the market and eliminate
mispricing. These characteristics would seem to render private real estate markets highly susceptible to sentiment-induced
mispricing. Using error correction models to carefully model potential lags in the adjustment process, this paper extends
previous work on cap rate dynamics by examining the extent to which fundamentals and investor sentiment help to explain the
time-series variation in national-level cap rates. We find evidence that investor sentiment impacts pricing, even after controlling
for changes in expected rental growth, equity risk premiums, T-bond yields, and lagged adjustments from long run equilibrium.
相似文献
Andy NaranjoEmail: |
13.
We propose two alternative models to estimate fundamental prices on real estate markets. The first model is based on a no-arbitrage
condition between renting and buying. The second model interprets the period costs as the result of market equilibrium between
housing demand and supply. We estimate both models for the USA, the UK, Japan, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. We find that
observed prices deviate substantially and for long periods from their estimated fundamental values. However, we find some
evidence that, in the long-run, actual prices tend to return to their fundamental values progressively. This result is due
to both impulse–response functions and forecast analyses. In particular, we find that using the fundamental price significantly
increases the accuracy of out-of-sample long-term forecasts of the price.
相似文献
Christian HottEmail: |
14.
Hilde E. Patron Kenneth D. Roskelley 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2008,37(4):387-399
We study a two-period bargaining game where buyers and sellers employ real estate agents to help them determine the sales
price of a house. We find that agents are less likely to provide aggressive bargaining advice to their client when they receive
percentage commissions and when they work for the buyer. In addition, we find that agents are less likely to suggest aggressive
bargaining strategies when there is little market competition, the gains to trade are large, in markets where housing values
appreciate slowly, and when dual agency is permitted. More importantly, we show that an agent is more likely to bargain aggressively
and capture a portion of the gains to trade for a client when the house’s sales price is closely related to the agent’s reputation
and future business (referrals).
相似文献
Kenneth D. Roskelley (Corresponding author)Email: |
15.
Benjamas Jirasakuldech Robert D. Campbell Riza Emekter 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2009,38(2):137-154
We examine the dynamic behavior of Equity Real Estate Investment Trust (EREIT) volatility in a GARCH context 1972–2006 using
monthly EREIT returns, and comparing volatility performance for “early” Equity REITs 1972–1992 with that of “modern” EREITs
1993–2006. Consistent with findings for conventional firms, we find that EREIT conditional volatility is time-varying, persistent,
and predictable. There is a positive relationship between expected return and expected risk in EREIT stocks pre-1993, but
the relationship disappears after 1993. We find no evidence that negative shocks affect EREIT volatility differently from
positive ones in either time period. Different from reported results for conventional firms, we find that changes in the conditional
volatility of fundamental macroeconomic variables have strong explanatory value for future changes in EREIT volatility. Finally,
comparing EREIT volatility performance with volatility in the Russell 2000 Index, a proxy for small stocks, we find that EREIT
volatility behaves differently from that of small stocks in many respects, indicating that risks in the small stock index
cannot effectively proxy for risks in the EREIT market.
相似文献
Riza EmekterEmail: |
16.
S. K. Wong K. W. Chau C. Y. Yiu 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2007,35(3):281-293
How shocks in one market influence the returns and volatility of other markets has been an important question for portfolio
managers. In the finance literature, many studies found evidence of volatility spillovers across international markets, as
well as between spot and futures markets. Although real estate is often regarded as a good vehicle for diversification, the
dynamics of its volatility transmission have been largely ignored. This paper provides the first study to examine volatility
spillovers between the spot and forward (pre-sale) index returns of the Hong Kong real estate market through a bivariate GARCH
model. Transaction-based indices were used so that our volatility modelling was free from any smoothing problem. Our results
showed that real estate returns exhibited volatility clustering, and the volatility of the forward market was more sensitive
to shocks than the spot market. Moreover, volatility was mainly transmitted from the forward market to the spot market, but
not vice versa.
相似文献
S. K. WongEmail: |
17.
Mark Bertus Harris Hollans Steve Swidler 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2008,37(3):265-279
Until the recent introduction of real estate futures on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), there have been few opportunities
to manage house price risk. This paper examines whether house price risk can be effectively hedged in Las Vegas, one of the
CME contract cities. The analysis considers hedging from the viewpoint of real estate investment groups, mortgage portfolio
investors, builder/developers and individual homeowners. For investment groups and mortgage holders holding a mix of new and
existing home assets, CME futures would have reduced house price risk by more than 88% over the 1994–2006 period. Similarly,
homeowners implicitly hedging price volatility of existing homes also would have fared well over the sample period. However,
builder/developers worried about new home price appreciation would have been much less successful in managing their risk.
One important caveat, minimum variance hedge ratios change over time and may cause hedge performance to suffer.
相似文献
Steve Swidler (Corresponding author)Email: |
18.
In this paper we analyze the price dynamics of international property shares for the ten most prominent markets from around
the world plus South-Africa. We focus on the presence of calendar effects in daily and monthly price returns and examine these
effects both over time and across countries. For the daily returns we find price anomalies for Fridays and Mondays in all
markets. Friday returns tend to be the highest of the week, while Mondays are weakest. We find that these patterns were most
prominent during the 1980s and early 1990s and in the smaller markets in our sample. For the monthly returns we found little
evidence for price irregularities. In most cases January was superior to most other months, but these differences lacked statistical
significance. More interesting was the sell in May effect that seemed to be present in ten out of 11 markets. Price returns
during the winter season outperformed the summer months and in five countries these difference were both economically and
statistically significant. Finally, we looked at firm level returns to isolate the drivers of these infamous calendar effects.
The day-of-the-week effect appears to be most pronounced among small and young firms that have little or no institutional
investors. Large and long-established listed real estate firms with a large portion of loyal block-holders experience no significant
price patterns during the trading week.
相似文献
Dirk BrounenEmail: |
19.
Zhenguo Lin Yingchun Liu Kerry D. Vandell 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2009,38(2):183-191
This paper re-examines and extends the findings of Bond et al., Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 34, 447–461, (2007) who consider the theoretical model of Lin and Vandell, Real Estate Economics, 35, 291–330, (2007) to determine the extent to which individual real estate asset return characteristics caused by marketing
period risk disappear in a large, diversified real estate portfolio. The effects of marketing period risk are found to disappear
in the limit with growth in the size of the portfolio, with ex ante variance approaching ex post variance, but only if the portfolio consists of nonsystematic risk alone, in which case both approach zero. The marketing period risk factor (MPRF), representing the ratio of ex ante to ex post variance, however, does not in general approach zero in the limit, in fact could increase or decrease depending upon the
illiquidity characteristics of the individual assets and the magnitude and degree of correlation among individual property
returns and marketing periods. The results suggest that even large institutional real estate portfolio managers must consider
the illiquidity present in their portfolios and cannot assume that its effect will be diversified away.
相似文献
Kerry D. VandellEmail: |
20.
Analyst Activity and Firm Value: Evidence from the REIT Sector 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Erik Devos Seow Eng Ong Andrew C. Spieler 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2007,35(3):333-356
This paper is the first to examine (1) properties of analyst forecasts and (2) effects of analyst following on firm value
for all REITs on CRSP, Compustat and I/B/E/S. Our results suggest that REITs operate in an information environment that has
changed over time. We find that for periods when the REIT industry was either in the developmental stage (pre-1992), or after
other structural changes in the industry (post-2000), more analysts cover REITs and forecasts are more accurate and less biased.
Further, we find that mortgage REITs are more transparent than other REIT structures and exhibit properties of analyst behavior
that are different from other types of REITs. Our investigation into the effect of analyst coverage on REIT value suggests
that analyst coverage increases REIT value (as measured by Tobin’s q) and that the causality does not run the opposite way.
相似文献
Andrew C. SpielerEmail: |