小型水利工程产权制度创新的SCP分析

在“结构行为绩效”的分析框架中,市场结构(S)决定市场行为(C),继而决定市场绩效(P)。小型水利工程产权制度创新实质上是一种市场结构的变化,通过SCP分析,可以看出小型水利工程具有垄断竞争市场结构,其产业化经营可以提高规模效率,并且有利于水资源的合理配置。工程供水价格的制定是促进小型水利工程产业化的重要一环,政府应该用价格杠杆引导和调节产业化经营。小型水利工程产业化的SCP范式分析结果给人们的启示是:水价要在政府的指导下合理制定,不应完全由市场定价;应该用政策引导和资金支持来提高水利工程经营者组织化和引导非农资本进入小型水利工程产业;对于小型水利工程的改制,应该采用政府引导、农民主动参与的方式,采取以点带面的方法,分地区、分阶段、有计划地实行。     

水利产业化经营的实践经验

泰安市在不断总结经验的基础上，通过政策引导、市场推动等措施，调整水利产业结构，采取优化供水，培植龙头骨干企业，抓好基地建设，积极发展产业化经营。1围绕结构调整，实施水利产业化经营近几年，泰安市水利经济有了长足发展，年均增长速度25％以上，1996年全市水利经济总     

气候变化对灌溉井供水可靠性的影响分析*——基于华北井灌区100个村庄的实证调查

[目的]探究气候变化对灌溉井供水可靠性的影响及主要影响因素,以期为政府科学、合理制定相关政策提供实证依据。[方法]基于2010—2012年中国华北5省100个村庄实地调查数据,以作物灌溉面积未受影响比例作为衡量供水可靠性指标,构建村级供水可靠性理论模型,运用多元回归模型,实证分析气候变化对灌溉井供水可靠性的影响及影响因素。[结果](1)长期气候变化显著影响灌溉井供水可靠性,气候变化因素对灌溉井无水和缺水供水可靠性影响方向和作用程度不同;(2)村级灌溉井状况、村级组织灌溉管理状况与极端气候等变量显著影响灌溉井供水可靠性;(3)年份和地区虚拟变量对灌溉井供水可靠性影响存在差异。[结论]提出构建和培育更加完善的农业气象灾害监测预警系统,加强农田灌溉设施建设及维护,推进农业灌溉用水管理制度改革,发展各种形式农民合作组织,是提高中国农业生产适应气候变化能力的重要举措。     

农地流转、集体行动与村庄小型农田水利设施供给——基于湖南省团结村的个案研究

本文从集体行动的逻辑视角分析村庄小型农田水利设施供给机理,以团结村为例,探析农地流转后村庄小型农田水利设施供给水平的变化。研究显示,村庄规模与成员结构是影响成员参与供给小型农田水利设施集体行动的重要因素;农地流转改变了村庄规模及成员结构,使村庄中经营农业的成员数量减少,村庄成员结构由同质性变为异质性,村庄从个体规模相等且规模很小的大集团变成个体规模不等的小集团,促进了集体行动的形成,最终提升了小型农田水利设施的供给水平;提出了鼓励有条件的村庄有序稳定流转农地、农地应适度规模经营、鼓励新型农业经营主体的发展、发挥村委会在农田水利设施供给中的作用等政策建议。     

农业水价政策作用的效果分析

面对日益严峻的水资源短缺和不断恶化的灌溉水利设施，政府与灌溉管理部门对农业用水价格政策寄予很高的期望。本研究在农业用水需求分析的基础上，通过对江苏省皂河灌区126户农户的实地调查，分析了农业水价政策的作用效应。研究发现，农业水价改革对农民与供水单位的节水行为没有影响，提高水价有利于增加供水单位收益，但却降低了农民的福利水平。     

基于农户参与视角的农业产业化经营组织绩效评价及优化研究——以贵州省为例

近年来,我国农业产业化经营取得了较为突出的成就,然而随着时代的发展,农业产业化发展遇到了一定的瓶颈。文章首先对影响农户参与农业产业化经营的因素进行分析,得出农户特征、农产品特性、家庭经营特征、地理环境因素是影响农户参与产业化经营的最主要因素。基于此,通过对贵州省实地调研,发放600份问卷,获得农户参与农业产业化经营组织基础数据。并通过异质性指标和功能性指标构建出农业产业化经营组织绩效评价体系,采用模糊综合评价法进行评价,最终得出贵州省农业产业化经营组织绩效较为低下,仅为0.3033,尤其是交易过程绩效最低。根据评价结果,提出培育新型职业农民、提升农户市场竞争力,完善组织经营管理和治理结构、提升农户参与的意愿度,实现产业化经营组织服务机制创新、降低农户交易成本等3个针对性建议,以提高农业产业化经营组织绩效,促进农业经济发展模式转型,推进农业现代化建设进程。     

努力提高我国农业产业化经营水平——温家宝副总理在与全国农业产业化工作会议部分代表座谈时的讲话(摘要)

农业产业化经营是我国农业经营体制的又一重大创造,是农业组织形式和经营机制的创新。各级政府和有关部门要认真贯彻落实十五届五中全会精神,把农业产业化经营作为加快农业和农村经济结构战略性调整,推进农业现代化的重大举措,大胆实践,积极探索,努力提高我国农业产业化经营水平。 　　目前我国农业和农村经济发展进入了一个新阶段,中心任务是对农业和农村经济结构进行战略性调整。农业产业化经营以市场为导向,以家庭承包经营为基础,依靠各类龙头企业和组织的带动,将生产、加工、销售有机结合,实现一体化经营。这种经营方式不仅…     

供销社参与产业化经营须破三大"瓶颈"

供销合作社(以下简称“供销社”)作为发端于农民自愿入股联合的一种合作经济形态，由于具备历史和自然因素形成的植根农村、服务农民、设施广布、渠道通畅等内在优势和外在条件，在服务城乡经济发展、促进农业产业化经营中一直扮演着十分重要的组织引导角色。到2004年底，全国供销社系统各类农业产业化组织(包括龙头企业、专业合作社、行业协会等)已达到4万多个，带动农户2200多万户，帮助农民实现收入150多亿元。但是，在推进农业产业化经营过程中，     

农业产业化经营组织创新的路径选择

农业产业化经营组织创新可以大大提高农民组织化程度，是解决农业生产与大市场之间矛盾的有效途径。目前，我国农业产业化经营组织在发展中存在许多问题。本文运用新制度经济学理论和博弈论，通过对农业产业化经营组织创新的分析，说明农业产业化经营组织创新是建设社会主义新农村、实现农业产业化经营的重要途径。     

鼓励引导 逐步规范 积极推进农村专业合作组织健康发展

近几年来,我省围绕调整农业产业结构、推进农业产业化经营、提高农民组织化程度、增加农民收入,一手抓农民专业合作经济组织,一手抓农产品行业协会,使“行业协会 龙头企业 合作组织 农户”的农业产业化经营体系不断完善。特别是去年农业部把我省作为农民专业合作经济组织试点省     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.