Firms navigating through innovation spaces: a conceptualization of how firms search and perceive technological,market and productive opportunities globally

The main contribution of this paper is a theory-based conceptual framework of innovation spaces, and how firms must navigate through them to innovate. The concept of innovation systems - at the regional, sectoral and national levels - have been highly influential. Previous literature developing the concept of innovation systems has stressed the importance of institutions, networks and knowledge bases at the regional, sectoral and national levels. This paper primarily draws upon an evolutionary and Schumpeterian economics perspective, in the following three senses. The conceptualization of 'innnovation spaces' focuses upon how and why firm search for innovations is influenced the opportunities within certain geographical contexts. This means that the firm create opportunities and can span different context, but they are influence by the context in term of the access, flow and co-evolution of ideas, resources, technology, people and knowledge, which help stimulate business innovation in terms of products, process and services. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research and especially the need to focus on globalization as a process of intensifying linkages across the globe.     

新兴技术“应用孤岛”形成与突破案例研究

从新兴技术特征和企业知识状态的关系出发，解析新兴技术市场商业化要求，揭示新兴技术“应用孤岛”形成与突破机理，以及创新网络下新兴技术“应用孤岛”突破过程模型。选择３家处于产业链不同区位的LED 照明企业作为研究对象，进行横向案例对比研究。研究发现，在LED照明技术发展过程中，新兴技术特征促使“应用孤岛”产生，LED照明企业知识状态的提升促进了“应用孤岛”突破和技术商业化，而这一过程也促进了创新网络发展。     

绿色与非绿色技术对后续创新影响的比较——“厚此薄彼”还是“双赢策略”

尽管绿色技术一直被认为具有广阔的发展前景,但这些技术在企业间的扩散率却很低。企业在非绿色与绿色技术创新关系上存在“厚此薄彼”的现象。基于1992—2019年中国制造业上市公司专利数据研究发现,相较于非绿色技术,绿色技术的前向引用次数更多,且产生了更大的知识溢出效应,对整个社会后续创新具有更大的正向影响力。此外,由于高能耗行业存在转化成本高、自身知识储备不足等问题,随着能耗水平提升,绿色技术对后续创新的正向影响力逐渐减弱。相较于非国有控股企业,国有控股企业绿色技术对后续创新产生了显著正向影响。该结论对政府设计绿色与非绿色创新“双赢策略”,促进企业从“厚此薄彼”转向绿色与非绿色技术双创新具有重要意义。     

新兴技术管理研究概述

新兴技术管理正在成为国际学术研究的新兴领域,我国也正在蓬勃展开这方面的研究。因此,从理论渊源入手,通过对新兴技术的概念及其不确定性和新兴技术管理的概念和特征的讨论,认为新兴技术管理是与技术管理、技术创新管理同源异质的新兴学科领域;同时,分别从新兴技术演化及评估、新兴市场识别及拓展、新兴技术战略研究、新兴技术管理的组织创新、新兴技术的融投资管理、新兴技术的知识管理等方面,介绍了目前新兴技术管理研究的领域、内容、观点和成果。     

双层网络嵌入下结构洞对企业二元创新的影响研究

网络结构特征影响企业知识转移与知识组合效果,进而对创新绩效产生复杂作用。利用我国165家上市企业2007—2018年专利面板数据,实证检验企业知识与协同双层网络嵌入对二元创新绩效的影响,并分析战略柔性和开放度对上述关系的调节作用。研究结果表明,企业知识网络结构洞正向影响利用式创新绩效,负向影响探索式创新绩效;协同网络结构洞与二元创新均存在负相关关系。同时,战略柔性和开放度调节双层网络结构洞与二元创新的关系,且变量间存在有效匹配关系：知识网络结构洞—开放度促进利用式创新绩效提升,而协同网络结构洞—战略柔性促进探索式创新绩效提升。研究结论为解决结构洞与企业创新关系的分歧带来新思路,同时为企业创新绩效提升提供理论借鉴。     

社会资本、知识获取与创新绩效:基于供应链视角

基于社会资本和知识管理理论,探讨了在中国关系社会背景下社会资本与创新绩效之间的关系,检验了知识获取对二者关系的调节效应,揭示了供应链管理中社会资本对创新绩效的影响机制以及知识获取在创新中的重要作用。基于供应链视角,从供应商、企业内部、客户3个方面对社会资本进行了探讨,并运用278家制造企业的调研数据,采用线性回归及调节效应检验方法对假设进行了实证检验。研究结果表明:企业内部社会资本和客户社会资本对企业创新绩效有显著的正向影响;知识获取对社会资本(供应商、企业内部、客户)与创新绩效之间的关系具有正向调节效应。     

技术路线图概念的拓展与延伸——基于企业创新视角的创新路线图分析

在文献回顾的基础上,归纳分析了技术路线图的局限性,并结合科技实践需求以及系统论、企业战略管理理论、企业创新管理理论等相关理论,阐明了创新路线图概念是技术路线图概念的发展。研究表明:创新路线图是企业创新管理领域的一个新概念,可将之看成是技术路线图概念的拓展与延伸,创新路线图包含的研究要素、运用的工具性方法以及具备的功能用途都多于技术路线图。     

Innovation and coordination: A schutzian perspective

This paper discusses the nature of innovation, the innovation process and its associated coordination problems in the subjectivist perspective. It argues that innovation, when viewed in the first person perspective, is not a homogeneous concept. Instead, the degree of newness of an innovation is determined subjectively by adopters. The stages of the innovation process described in the management literature are re-interpreted in light of Schutz' phenomenology. Innovation creates coordination problems. Schumpeterian innovation disrupts plans of market participants and threatens people's sense of reality. The stocks of knowledge of market participants are no longer able to solve new problems brought about by pioneering entrepreneurs. Knowledge taken for granted becomes problematic. As a result, coordination fails. In attempting to remove uncertainty arising from radical innovation, human agents create knowledge surrogates and project acts in the future perfect tense. Through a process of typification, successful actions are crystallised into firm routines and institutions that once again help to serve for coordination. The arguments developed in this paper throw new light on three aspects of business strategies, namely, management of innovation, vertical integration and advertising.     

Does foreign technology transfer spur domestic innovation? Evidence from the high-speed rail sector in China

This paper investigates the introduction of high-speed railway (HSR) technology into China to study the local impacts of foreign technology transfer. The large-scale technology transfer project, covering specific technological categories and directly benefiting railway-related firms in various cities, enables us to describe how foreign technology is digested and spurs follow-up innovation in firms apart from directly receiving ones. We find that technology transfer generates significant localized spillovers to nearby firms not only in terms of more patents, but also as higher productivity and revenue growth. Moreover, technological similarity, rather than input-output linkages, plays a dominant role in explaining the knowledge spillover both at the firm level and the aggregate level, which indicates the importance of absorptive capacity in digesting foreign technologies. Overall, our paper sheds new light on the innovation policy of developing countries as well as the global business strategy of multinational corporations (MNCs).     

基于知识产权外部商用化的知识收入研究

针对封闭式创新模式中企业知识产权闲置和知识溢出的现象,在总结开放式创新的理念和分类的基础上,提出了知识产权外部商用化的概念,并对知识产权使用率和所有权占有率进行分类讨论,概括了知识产权外部商用化的途径。得出结论:通过知识产权外部商用化获得的知识收入有别于传统的通过产品销售、劳务提供和有形资产获得的收入,前者是企业特殊的无形资产收入;提高知识收入对于企业发展具有经济价值和战略意义。     

产业技术创新实现路径的“黑箱”过程——基于路径依赖视角的分析

基于路径依赖理论分析了产业技术创新从发生、应用到商业化这一过程的"黑箱",寻找产业技术创新发生过程的演化规律。研究结果表明:产业技术创新的演进遵循"创新路径依赖"规律,市场需求和默会性知识是推动产业技术创新实现的动力。     

首席信息官、企业领导者与企业数字创新

数字技术越来越普及，然而数字创新相关研究相对匮乏。基于注意力基础观，探讨企业数字创新前因。以2011—2018年我国上市公司为研究样本，实证研究结果表明：①设置首席信息官（CIO）的企业实施数字创新的可能性更大，数字创新绩效更好；②企业领导者（CEO）的商业关联能够显著提升CIO实施数字创新的可能性及数字创新绩效，CEO的政治关联没有显著调节作用。通过调查CIO和CEO的角色，深化对数字创新前因的理解，推动数字创新理论研究，为企业实施数字创新提供理论依据。     

重构企业技术创新能力评价体系:从知识管理到价值创造

基于从知识管理到价值创造的思路,重新审视了企业技术创新能力的内涵。通过系统的文献回顾,总结了已有企业技术创新能力评价指标体系相关框架(包括点状模型、线状模型、链状模型和面状模型)的特征和不足,提出了由问题驱动、思考未来、多样化知识、创新文化、利益相关者协同、经济价值与社会价值构成的企业技术创新能力评价体系新框架,并构建了新框架的二级指标,为企业技术创新能力的理解、体系框架的构建和评价提供了理论和实践参考。     

Knowledge sharing and firm performance: the role of social networking site and innovation capability

This study developed a framework to explore SNSs' capability as a strategic platform from which firms can overcome environmental turbulence and develop higher level knowledge sharing and firm performance output. The moderating effects of two types of innovation capability, product development capability and operational capability, were taken into consideration. We propose that SNSs' capability paired with strong product development capability is the key to improving knowledge sharing performance. SNSs' capability paired with strong operational capability can improve firm performance by advancing incremental innovation processes. Drawing upon the literature regarding information systems, knowledge management, and firm innovation, we propose a conceptual model adopted from the environment-strategy-performance framework to explore how these key factors interact to determine the fate of a firm.     

INNOVATION ACTIVITIES EXPLAINED BY FIRM ATTRIBUTES AND LOCATION

In this paper, innovation activities of a firm are observed as its R&D spending and participation in three categories of innovation systems. The various factors that can influence a firm's innovation efforts are divided into, (i) firm location reflecting the regional milieu and (ii) firm attributes such as corporate structure, nature of the knowledge production, type of industry and a set of specific firm characteristics. The study is based on information about 2094 individual firms, which may be non-affiliated or belong to a group (multi-firm enterprise). The empirical analysis applies a novel data set to examine the influence of location versus a vector of firm attributes. Among innovative firms, the location of a firm does not influence neither the R&D intensity nor the frequency of interaction in horizontal and vertical innovation systems, when controlling the skill composition, physical capital intensity, industry, firm size and market extension. The paper contributes to the literature by observing that innovative firms have similar characteristics irrespective of where they are located, although the share of innovative firms differs between regions.     

产学研合作更有利于产业共性技术研发创新吗

基于USPTO的中国专利数据,从产业共性技术的特征识别与测度视角,引入倾向得分匹配方法,对中国产业共性技术创新的产学研合作影响效应进行实证研究。结果表明：尽管产学研合作有利于提升企业专利的技术价值与外部溢出效应,但其对企业专利技术基础性及关联性的影响并不显著,对中国产业共性技术创新的整体促进作用不明显;产学研合作更能促进大规模企业在自身知识和技术储备的基础上实现产业共性技术研发创新,而对小规模企业的产业共性技术创新效应则不显著;不同行业领域的产学研合作创新效应也存在较大差异。     

Interdependence and spillovers: is firm performance affected by others’ innovation activities?

The creation of new knowledge is a case in which agents' behaviour can affect the performance of other actors positively, given that new knowledge creates positive externalities in the market. In this context, we investigate the existence of performance spillovers associated with innovation activities by quantifying the innovation produced in surrounding firms and controlling for the fact that a firm is itself an innovation producer. We use data from the Third Community Innovation Survey (CIS III) that measures innovation in a broad way, not reducing it to R&D and patents, which departs from previous literature on spillovers. Furthermore, to tackle the endogeneity of the innovation variables on the firm production decision, we resort to the firm intellectual property protection methods as an instrument. We found a positive spillover of innovation on firm value added. The results also show that process innovation spillovers are more prevalent than product innovation spillovers.     

Is small really beautiful? A review of the concept of niches in innovation

This article reviews the concept of innovation niches through three categories: strategic niche management (SNM), specialised markets and niches formed as a technology declines. In the literature, innovation niches generate interest from both innovation and marketing perspectives. This review focuses predominately on the former from which the niche types have been adopted and analysed. Mostly, contributions since 1980 have been included, representing the period of academic interest in innovative small firms, while both temporal and locational filters were applied to the study. It is noted that SNM has been proposed as a means to protect potentially useful innovations from full market competition, while specialist niches supply technologies to few customers in more stable environments. Incumbent technologies at the stage of decline may also retreat to niches where they can still remain competitive. Finally, it is suggested that further research on innovation niches would extend our understanding of technology dynamics.     

吸收能力与企业创新绩效

吸收能力理论被广泛用于研究复杂的组织现象,是技术创新、组织学习、知识管理、产业经济与战略管理等多学科领域研究所涉及的核心指标,很多学者用该理论解释不同的企业创新绩效。本文首先回顾了相关文献,说明了吸收能力的基本内涵和模型。其次在企业网络的视角下,探讨了企业吸收能力对企业创新绩效的直接作用和调节作用。第三,总结了两个基于企业吸收能力的企业创新绩效影响因素的研究模型,并分析了模型的优缺点。最后,本文指出随着外部知识资源对企业创新重要性的增强,不能继续把知识作为一个已知的常量,要区分不同的知识属性是否对企业创新绩效有显著的影响作用。要以企业吸收能力为核心,从整体的角度系统探讨影响企业创新绩效的关键因素,用有效的研究方法科学地分析各关键因素之间的相互关系以及对企业创新绩效的不同影响作用。     

企业数字化转型对商业模式创新的影响

基于组织变革理论与知识基础观,引入知识管理与企业家导向变量,探讨企业数字化转型对商业模式创新的影响机制与情境效应。结果表明：①数字化转型对商业模式创新存在显著正向影响;②知识管理在数字化转型对商业模式创新的影响过程中发挥中介作用;③相比于低水平企业家导向,高水平企业家导向会强化数字化转型与知识管理的关系,弱化知识管理与商业模式创新的关系。