国内外嵌入性研究述评

对现有国内外嵌入性研究进行了评述。指出:目前嵌入性的概念内涵已较为成熟;一些学者综合社会资本和社会网络研究,对嵌入型的概念构成提出了不同的维度划分方式,多数学者从不同侧面探讨了嵌入性与企业活动的关系;现有研究的不足主要体现为,不同层面的研究没有有效交融、嵌入性与企业活动间联系研究的系统性有待开发、一些社会网络研究方法等无法被充分应用于此方面的研究中。     

社会资本的经济增长效应

全面而准确地探究社会资本对长期经济增长的影响机制,对提升社会资本在区域经济发展中的地位具有重大的现实意义,但传统的内生增长模型忽略了时间配置对社会资本积累与居民效用的影响.文章将社会资本积累过程内生化,构建了纳入社会资本的水平创新增长模型,综合考虑社会资本和闲暇时间对经济增长的非单调性影响,通过数值模拟发现:社会资本对经济增长具有边际效应递减的促进作用;而闲暇时间与经济增长之间呈现倒U形关系,即适当地增加闲暇时间有利于社会资本积累.文章还基于结构型社会资本的网络嵌入性特征,构建了地级市层面的社会资本测度指标,以验证社会资本具备生产要素的属性.实证结果表明:社会资本对经济增长具有显著的正向影响,其促进作用随着区域内城市经济发展水平的提高而提升;中西部地区社会资本的产出效率高于东部地区,从而间接反映了东部地区社会资本过度集聚的现状;投资水平与技术进步是社会资本影响经济增长的两条重要途径.上述结论为明晰社会资本的经济属性、激发社会资本的经济效益、推动城市集群协调发展以及缩小地区差异提供了有益的借鉴.     

Dynamics of social networks of urban informal entrepreneurs in an African economy

This paper carries out an analysis of the formation and transformation of social relations and networks of access to resources in the professional trajectory of micro-entrepreneurs operating in an urban informal African economy. The analysis of social networks is rooted in Granovetter’s structural embeddedness framework combined with the dynamic and discursive conception of social relations of Harisson White (embeddedness and decoupling). Life stories of micro and small entrepreneurs in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina-Faso) are analyzed by mixing qualitative and quantitative methods. Results suggest that the construction of social networks and interpersonal relations of access to resources is a long-term process. A co-construction of social networks and economic activity is observed; it challenges the argument that social capital is a substitute for a lack of personal resources. The growth of small and micro activities is linked to the professionalization and stabilization of a social network, and even to the institutionalization of access to resources.     

社会资本、创业拼凑与新创企业绩效——双重关系嵌入的调节作用

社会资本作为推动新创企业成长与发展的重要动力，其资源效应是提高新创企业绩效的主要内容。而创业拼凑作为突破新创企业资源约束的关键因素，成为社会资本向绩效转化过程中的重要枢纽。基于社会资本理论，结合双重关系嵌入的差异化表现，分析社会资本对新创企业绩效发挥作用的路径机制以及外部影响。结果表明：社会资本对新创企业绩效具有显著正向影响；创业拼凑在社会资本与新创企业绩效的关系中存在部分中介效应；内外部关系嵌入正向调节创业拼凑和新创企业绩效间关系。     

Regional social capital: Embeddedness, innovation networks and regional economic development

Technology is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for regional economic development. Regional innovation networks transform technology into competitiveness of firms and thus contribute to economic development. Intangible assets, such as social capital, decide how effective regional innovation networks function. Differences in regional social capital thus help explain regional differences in economic development. Regional social capital originates from the embeddedness of firms in regional webs of social relations. The norms, values and customs of these networks facilitate collaboration for mutual benefit. As innovation is increasingly a network effort, embeddedness and social capital also help explain how and why networks of innovating companies are successful, as the case study of the Stimulus Cluster Scheme shows.     

社会嵌入视角下的能力构建研究

在分析社会网络中不同企业的能力差异后,本文提出了以梯度转移为形式的能力构建模式。社会嵌入机制可以通过强化企业间的网络联结来提供支撑,其中结构嵌入是基于网络特性来拓展联结广度,关系嵌入则基于企业行为来增强联结深度,两者的融合会进一步促进企业的跨组织边界知识互动,以维持能力梯度转移的持续和稳定。     

Social Capital and the Shadow Economy

Viewed in a wider context of paid and unpaid informal economic activities, the shadow economy highlights the little recognized ambivalence of social capital as both potentially positive and negative in outcomes for different groups in the economy. Using a concept of social capital as access to durable networks of actual and virtual resources, as claimed by Pierre Bourdieu, I examine the shadow economy as a source of both resilience and repression, intimately connected to the formal economy and tied to a neo-liberal agenda. I draw from review activities I have previously conducted on the informal economy in disadvantaged neighborhoods and from research on social capital in the economy in a European context.     

“Ending Welfare as We Know It”: The Symbolic Importance of Welfare Policy in America

In this paper, I offer a framework for analyzing non-market oriented household activities in a way that overcomes some issues about defining the boundaries among household activities. I utilize the concept of a social process and discuss how unpaid household activities are part of labor, care, recreation, and consumption processes. Next, I explain the importance of introducing economic class and social class processes into the framework, as well as the importance of making a distinction between the two. Economic class accounts for the basics of the capitalist economy, and social class opens contexts of variation. The framework allows for a multidimensionality of individuals and opens the question of unpaid activities varying in categorization based on economic class. Also, it helps the economic analysis of capitalism consider that maintaining a household lifestyle directly involves and pertains to unpaid household activities that are part of each of the delineated labor, care, recreation, and consumption processes.     

微博社会资本的影响因素

采用新浪微博的数据,通过聚类分析、社会网络分析和回归分析,研究了微博用户的主动行为和真实世界中的社会资本对其微博社会资本的影响。研究结果显示:微博用户的主动行为和线下社会资本对其微博社会资本都有正向影响,且线下社会资本的影响较大;线下桥接社会资本对微博纽带社会资本的影响较大。     

性别视角下的社会资本研究述论

与男性相比,女性在社会资本特征及价值创造方面存在诸多差异,因此,在对社会资本问题进行研究过程中必须充分考虑到性别差异问题。在此基础上,还应该进一步深入考察这些差异给女性自身职业发展带来的实质性影响,只有如此,才有可能构建出更加有效的策略以提高女性的社会资本回报率。     

海外子公司的战略网络结构及其差异化：基于社会嵌入理论的视角

通过引入和发展社会嵌入理论,把海外子公司在战略网络中的嵌入关系划分为关系嵌入、位置嵌入和结构嵌入三个维度,对海外子公司的战略网络结构进行了深入剖析,提出了海外子公司战略网络结构的差异化现象,并研究了差异化的引致因素。     

基于社会资本视角的民营上市公司非公开发行动因研究——相关证据及理论框架

本文从社会资本的视角,研究了民营上市公司非公开发行的动因。通过案例研究,笔者提供的证据表明,非公开发行不仅是民营上市公司的一种融资手段,而且是获得社会资本的重要途径。以相关证据为基础,笔者从社会资本视角构建了民营上市公司非公开发行动因的理论框架。本文的研究结论不仅对理论界从新的角度理解民营上市公司非公开发行的动因有重要启示,而且对民营上市公司采用非公开发行筹资实践有一定的借鉴作用。     

企业家精神与南昌众创空间涌现--基于演化经济地理学视角

众创空间大量涌现是近年来新的空间经济景观。文章基于演化经济地理学,研究了企业家精神在南昌众创空间和创客项目形成过程中的作用机制。采用访谈与问卷方法,对6家众创空间进行了访谈,对创客项目发放了45份调查问卷。研究发现,对众创空间而言,创办者社会关系本地嵌入、房产资源的沉没投入是他们在南昌创办众创空间的重要原因;金融资本对企业家在南昌创办众创空间的影响由弱到强。对创客项目而言,尽管创业者的创业知识可能来自外地,但创业者社会关系本地嵌入是他们选择在南昌创业的重要原因;金融资本对创业者的影响也由弱到强。文章还研究了政策对众创空间涌现的影响。与通常默认"双创"政策对众创空间与创客项目涌现具有重要推动作用不同,文章认为政策对众创空间涌现的作用主要为信息杠杆与政策背书,而财政、货币激励主要对政策套利型众创空间涌现产生较强作用。     

The Bourdieusian Conception of Social Capital: A Methodological Reflection and Application

This paper is on social capital and the meaning that Bourdieu has given to this concept in his Notes provisoires, published in 1980. He considered social capital as one of the most important forms of capital, along with economic capital and cultural capital. Even though he did not propose an explicit measure of social capital, so it remained in a conceptual state, he promoted an innovative research programme. Our contribution is to propose a generic method to empirically measure and test hypotheses on social capital, based on Bourdieu's work. We aim at creating an analytical framework that places this concept at the centre of the Bourdieusian theoretical approach. For this purpose, we combine two sociological tools that relate to two different sociological traditions, namely social network analysis and multiple correspondence analyses. Thus, our paper describes the ways to combine field and network analyses, and illustrates this with an empirical study.     

双重社会资本、二元学习与平台企业开放式服务创新绩效

在分析平台企业开放式服务创新内在机理的基础上,从双重社会资本嵌入视角,运用回归分析与SEM分析探讨双重社会资本、二元学习与开放式服务创新三者间关系。结果表明,本地社会资本对开放式服务创新具有负面影响,超本地社会资本对开放式服务创新具有正面影响,二元学习对两种社会资本均起到正向中介作用。最后,针对平台企业开展开放式服务创新的特殊性,得出管理启示：培育本地网络,降低创新成本;拓宽超本地网络,获取高异质性资源;开展利用式学习,夯实创新土壤;探索学习新方式,深度开发信息资源。     

社会资本对专利合作二元关系的影响:吸收能力、保护强度的调节效应

专利合作是社会、技术、制度三大因素交互作用的结果，但多因素间的交互机制并没有得到充分研究。整合三方因素，探究不同吸收能力和保护强度下社会资本对专利合作关系的影响效应，并以石墨烯领域为实证对象，采用指数随机图模型，检验理论假设。实证结果表明：社会资本对专利合作具有直接影响。其中，度中心性、三角结构嵌入正向促进专利合作，结构洞、星型结构嵌入反向抑制专利合作；吸收能力正向调节结构洞对专利合作的抑制效应；吸收能力和保护强度共同正向调节度中心性对专利合作的促进效应。     

基于人力资本的嵌入式开放创新:理论内涵与政策启示

在对以院士专家工作站为代表的新型产学研合作开放创新模式进行深入观察的基础上,集成开放创新理论、人力资本理论和社会嵌入理论,提出了基于人力资本的嵌入式开放创新理论,阐述了其内涵和外延,构建了其理论框架,探讨了该理论的政策启示。     

村庄重构中的社会资本情境与个体选择行为分析

从传统向现代的转型过程中,传统社会资本的逐渐消解与现代社会资本的不完全成长构成了当前中国农村社会资本的结构断裂性情境。由于受到社会资本的情境性限制,村民在村庄重构过程中的个体选择行为表现为一种经济理性与从众心理相结合的非理性选择,导致作为主体的农民在村庄重构中集体失语。培育农村现代社会资本成为解决当前村庄重构中农民利益保护的重要途径,也是社会资本对自身情境性限制的工具性超越。     

企业家社会资本对文化企业财政支持可获性的影响——基于江苏省文化企业调研数据的实证研究

财政支持是影响文化企业发展的重要政策因素.文章首先将企业家社会资本分为企业家政治关系资本和企业家商业关系资本 ,在此基础上使用178家江苏地区文化企业实地调研数据 ,构建计量经济模型实证检验了企业家社会资本对文化企业财政支持可获性的影响.研究结果发现:企业家政治关系资本对文化企业财政支持可获性具有正向影响 ,但在统计上不显著;企业家商业关系资本对文化企业财政支持可获性具有显著正向影响 ,且企业家商业关系资本的作用明显大于企业家政治关系资本 ,这表明地方政府在决定是否对文化企业给予财政支持时 ,明显淡化了以往侧重于通过行政权力主导补贴资金的传统做法 ,而更多地遵循了通过市场机制来配置公共财政资源的原则.     

Introduction - Children and Family Policy: a Feminist Issue

Policy makers increasingly rely on theories of social capital to fashion development interventions that mobilize local social networks in the alleviation of poverty. The potential of such theory lies in its recognition of the social dimensions of economic growth. This recognition has inspired some innovative approaches to development, such as the now-popular microfinance model. In assessing the implications of these recent developments for feminist objectives of social transformation, this paper evaluates prevailing ideas about social capital (rooted in rational choice theory) against the grain of three alternative approaches: Marxian social capital theories ( À la Pierre Bourdieu), neo-Foucauldian governmentality studies, and my feminist ethnographic research on the social embeddedness of economic practice in a merchant community of Nepal. The paper concludes by bringing these critical insights to bear on possibilities for designing microfinance programs - and practicing a kind of development more generally - that could engage women's solidarity to challenge dominant gender ideologies.