超额存款准备金付息制度与“利率走廊”构建

2008年10月,美联储重拾存款准备金付息制度,这一举措引发了有关超额存款准备金付息制度与"利率走廊"操作规则关系的新一轮研究热潮。本文以超额准备金付息理论等为基础,对中国1996~2012年月度数据进行实证研究,分析发现,超额存款准备金付息率变动对同业拆借利率具有对称性影响,超额存款准备金付息制度为中国提供了一种稳定基础利率的内在机制,中国可以其为基础构建"利率走廊"操作规则。     

存款准备金制度谋变

当前过快增长的信贷已引起央行与研究者的重视,然而仅仅加息还不能达到抑制这一趋势的作用,央行还需通过恢复差额准备金制度、同时降低商业银行准备金存款利率(直至为零)的政策双管齐下,才能达到预期的政策效果。     

我国准备金政策取向分析

我国的准备金率一直处于相对较高的位置,从2003年以来6次提高准备金率,由6%上调至9.5%,预计未来很可能恢复到1998年13%的水平。这显然与目前大幅度降低准备金率的世界趋势背道而驰,但是却不能否定目前我国这样操作的必要和合理性。就长期的发展趋势而言,我国的准备金制度也要转移到国际惯例的轨道上去。准备金制度功能的异化,既反映了人们对准备金制度功能及其与信贷控制、货币供给、宏观金融环境和市场利率关系的认识的逐步深入,又反映了金融体系的变迁和银行运作方式的变化对准备金制度功能不断提出新的要求。在商业银行运作的早期,银行家…     

法定准备金制度的变迁与金融调控

法定准备发挥作用的前提是中央银行以货币供应量作为货币政策的中介目标,但货币供应量和经济增长及通货膨胀的关系并不确定。利率取代货币供应量成为中介目标,法定准备金存在的基础即被削弱,随着央行宏观金融调控方式的转变,中国法定准备金制度的改革势在必行。     

我国存款准备金制度实施效果及改革建议

20多年来,我国存款准备金率的每一次调整都与中央银行宏观经济调控的意图有关。存款准备金制度具有调整信贷结构、调控货币供应量、保证金融机构的储备流动性等重要作用。但我国存款准备金制度还不完善,导致法定准备金政策效力的发挥并不理想。为进一步改革和完善我国法定存款准备金制度,当前和今后一个时期要着重解决好降低和取消法定存款准备金利率、降低法定存款准备金率、完善差别存款准备金率制度以及扩充存款准备金结构,改革准备金的计提方式等问题。     

“利率走廊”模式的国际经验及启示

"利率走廊"是中央银行在设定其对普通金融机构的存贷款率从而形成一个政策利率区间的基础上,调控短期市场利率和金融体系流动性的货币调控模式。基于"利率走廊"蕴含的对商业银行的内在利益诱导机制,金融市场的短期利率波动将局限在"走廊"所框定的范围之内。国际经验表明,在适当的基础上,"利率走廊"对引导和稳定短期市场利率能起到较好作用。我国中央银行在借鉴和利用"利率走廊"的实践中,应大力发展各类金融市场,不断完善商业银行体系,变革现行存款准备制度,积极构建"走廊"各要素。     

寡头竞争、银行资金管理与存款准备金政策

利率和存款准备金政策是影响商业银行资金管理的重要因素.在一个统一的金融市场中,一家银行的利率变动必然受到其它银行利率变动及证券市场利率变动的影响,并且利率也会受到存款准备金政策变动的影响.分析表明,在古诺、勾结和准竞争的市场结构中,证券市场利率和存、贷款利率以及存款准备率和存款利率都具有一致的比较静态效应.     

对改革我国商业银行呆坏帐准备金制度的研究

目前，我国商业银行贷款呆帐准备金制度与国际通行作法有一定差距，存在着准备钏类单一，计计提比例低，计提方法不科学，准确金不足等问题。为了提高我国商业银行的抗风险能力和参与国际竞争的能力，有必要进一步完善我国银行贷款呆帐准备金制度；将坏帐准备金和贷款呆帐准备中二为一；根据外汇分帐制确定性准备金计提货币；增设专项准备金，根据贷款风险分类的结果对各类贷款按其内在损失程度确定不同比例计提专项准备金，并对其实行部分免税。     

准备金付息制度及其影响研究

研究发现,在我国,准备金付息制度的扭曲效应很弱。因此,它赋予存款准备金制度工具以新的内涵和工具功能,存款准备金制度是我国转型期有效的货币政策操作工具,而且可以将准备金付息制度打造成更为有效的货币政策操作工具。     

存款准备金制度的改革及其影响

当前中国商业银行存款准备金当中 ,借入的数量占绝大多数 ,且有相当多的超额准备 ,这在很大程度上与央行对准备金支付较高利率有关 ,央行应调低准备金利率 ,使商业银行将该部分资金投放到市场 ,使整体经济获得更多资金支持     

央行连续上调存款准备金率的原因与预期效应

从2006年7月到2007年1月,央行已经连续4次上调存款准备金率.本文通过对我国目前宏观经济形势的分析,阐述了此项货币政策实施的深层原因及其必要性.在此基础上,探析诸多因素影响下上调存款准备金率的预期效应,继而认为:央行必须实施多种货币政策的组合,配合其他部门的各种宏观政策,尤其应该提高低收入群体的收入水平,加大对社会保障部门的投入才能更好地控制资金的流动性.     

银行非自愿超额准备金与宏观经济波动:来自中国的经验证据

基于将银行超额准备金分解为预防性超额准备金和非自愿超额准备金,以及将非自愿超额准备金作为银行体系流动性衡量指标,并对非自愿超额准备金的波动机制及其对宏观经济波动影响机制进行考察,发现1998-2010年期间,在外汇占款和银行贷款的综合作用下,非自愿超额准备金率经历了先降后升,然后再次下降的走势。而且从短期看,非自愿超额准备金的累积会对产出、价格和银行贷款产生负向效应,但从长期看,则又体现为正向效应,从而放大和加剧了宏观经济波动。在此情况下,货币当局在流动性管理过程中,应审慎针对非自愿超额准备金展开微调性操作,从而实现宏观经济的平稳运行。     

Asset-based Reserve Requirements: Some Reservations

Abstract

Thomas Palley's (2004) paper ‘Asset-based reserve requirements: reasserting domestic monetary control in an era of financial innovation and instability’ has radical implications for monetary policy and the operations of central banks in the money markets. This comment argues that Palley's proposal may be impractical today because it overlooks banks' holding of excessive reserves (or claims on such reserves), and because reserves allocated for particular kinds of business cannot be isolated in bank balance sheets or markets. In particular, once differential reserves are imposed on particular kinds of business, banks may respond to changes in reserve requirements by varying their assets in less predictable ways than the scheme suggests. A central bank's willingness to use differential reserve requirements will be inhibited by the current policy doctrine that emphasises control of a stable money market rate of interest. In any case, it is doubtful if interest rates or reserve requirements could have the specific targeted effects that Palley's model suggests.     

Eliminating Required Reserves: Does it Matter?

The Government of Canada has recently announced its intention to eliminate reserve requirements at the chartered banks. This paper investigates whether required reserves are relevant for economic stabilization, using a prototype macro model characterized by both contemporaneous and legged bank reserve accounting. It is shown that required reserves have no affect on economic stability as long as the central bank can set the interest elasticity of the supply of bank reserves. This adjustment depends on the reserve accounting system in effect at the time of the regime shift. [431]     

Vasicek模型下寿险责任准备金评估

在假定寿险产品定价利率固定,准备金评估利率基于长期国债收益率且符合Vasicek模型等前提下,该模型适合我国目前的长期国债收益率。然后推导出随机利率下全离散型寿险责任准备金评估公式,并以Vasicek模型为例,使用蒙特卡罗模拟方法计算出准备金分布,同时对准备金在利率波动条件下的充足性做出分析。     

准备金政策新框架与内需结构调整

因存款准备金制度软化、存款准备金减少带来了货币政策低效或无效的局面。通过中央银行对商业银行的资产各项贷款征收法定准备金,构建了一个准备金政策新框架,可用来分析货币政策的需求结构效应,以实现针对性地调节总需求结构。并且,实行贷款准备金政策可以消减存款准备金的制度缺陷、重建准备金制度的威力、强化货币政策的效果。     

Reserve requirements as a macroprudential instrument – Empirical evidence from Brazil

Emerging market central banks are often reluctant to raise interest rates when facing credit booms driven by capital inflows, and they instead use reserve requirements as an additional instrument. We compare the macroeconomic effects of interest rate and reserve requirement shocks by estimating a structural vector autoregressive model for Brazil. For both instruments, discretionary tightening results in a credit decline. Contrary to an interest rate shock, however, a positive reserve requirement shock leads to an exchange rate depreciation, a current account improvement, and an increase in prices. The different effects highlight the role of reserve requirement policy as a complement to rather than a substitute for interest rate policy. The results support the bank lending channel as the main transmission mechanism for reserve requirement policy.     

Reserve ratios: A proposal for change

The paper addresses the problem of Fed control of the money supply and the inherent instability of a fractional reserve banking system which Friedman covered in A Program for Monetary Stability. While Friedman proposed a 100 percent reserve requirement as a solution, this work suggests a change from imposing legal reserve ratios on specific liabilities to one of imposing them on total bank liabilities. Reserve ratios are compared to tax rates. Friedman's proposal is to increase the tax rate to 100 percent on specific liabilities and pay interest on reserve balances at the Fed. The proposal of this paper is to keep the tax rates (present reserve ratios) but change the tax base. It is shown that the Fed would gain control over the maximum expansion of banks, but would lose direct control over specific liabilities. The Fed would not tax some liabilities and subsidize others. The Fed could concentrate on setting the tone of the money market and allow the public to use whatever set of bank liabilities it desires as money without specific penalty.     

发展自然保护区生态旅游的思考

生态旅游不仅要满足旅游业的发展,而且要保护自然资源和环境的可持续性。我国目前大部分的自然保护区开展了生态旅游,但是,目前我国自然保护区生态旅游存在法制不健全、政出多门、不合理开发、环保意识薄弱等一系列问题。因此,如何健全法制、改善管理体制、进行合理的开发、增强环保意识、积极开展社区共管模式、加大生态旅游收益的管制成为发展自然保护区生态旅游的当务之急,也是保护自然保护区自然资源环境的关键。     

存款准备金制度与中国商业银行的可持续发展探讨

I.Various views about the reserve against deposits y st e mSince People’s Bank of China perform the function of thecentral bank in1984,the rate of the required reserve hasbeen repeatedly adjusted.Judging from their effects on regu-lating the money supply,the adjustments are effective tosome degree.The reform in1998was especially significant.However,because of the defects of the system of requiredreserve,and the restriction of the outside environment,it stillprocesses many limitations.Althou…