统筹城乡发展的地方政府投资选择思考

本文从统筹城乡发展的基本内涵入手,分析了当前统筹城乡发展中地方政府投资存在的问题和成因,提出了地方政府投资要适应统筹城乡发展的对策建议。     

Contrived dualism and government policy

If the government's goal is to maximiza current employment (as the International Labour Office has advised for Columbia), family farms become the desirable land tenure system. This article suggests policies by which family farms, and non-mechanized agricultural techniques, can be encouraged. The context is Columbian agriculture which faces distortions in factor prices, and the article suggests policies by which these distortions can be corrected to favour family farms. Both the prices of labour and of capital can be adjusted by the government, a process called ‘contrived dualism’.     

The evolving role of the central government in economic planning and policy making in Indonesia

This paper examines the changing role of the central government in the final years of the Soeharto era and since 1998. It argues that although economic policy making is now conducted in a very different political climate from that of the Soeharto period, there remains a powerful institutional legacy. In addition many old problems persist. The paper examines the evolving role of the national planning process and looks at the implications of the new law on national planning, especially for the division of labour between the national planning agency (Bappenas) and the Ministry of Finance. It also looks at some ongoing problems that are central to the economic policy process: the need for civil service reform and for a stronger audit process at all levels of government, and the issue of relations between the centre and the regions.     

Strategic planning and industrial policy

The poor performance of British industry in international markets is partly due to a lack of sector strategic planning. Whereas the Thatcher government looks to an unfettering of the market mechanism as the key to industrial recovery, in fact this is contrary to the experience of several other capitalist countries. The role of banks and government agencies in Japan, of inter-firm co-operation in Italy, and of various corporatist instruments in France and Germany, suggest ways in which local enterprise boards could assist the re-structuring of manufacturing industry in Britain.     

Japanese government debt and sustainability of fiscal policy

We construct quarterly series of the revenues, expenditures, and debt outstanding for Japan from 1980 to 2010, and analyze the sustainability of the fiscal policy. We pursue three approaches to examine the sustainability. First, we calculate the minimum tax rate that stabilizes the debt to GDP ratio given the future government expenditures. Using 2010 as the base year, we find that the government revenue to GDP ratio must rise permanently to 40–47% (from the current 33%) to stabilize the debt to GDP ratio. Second, we estimate the response of the primary surplus when the debt to GDP ratio increases. We allow the relationship to fluctuate between two “regimes” using a Markov switching model. In both regimes, the primary surplus to GDP ratio fails to respond positively to debt, which suggests the process is explosive. Finally, we estimate a fiscal policy function and a monetary policy function with Markov switching. We find that the fiscal policy is “active” (the tax revenues do not rise when the debt increases) and the monetary policy is “passive” (the interest rate does not react to the inflation rate sufficiently) in both regimes. These results suggest that the current fiscal situation for the Japanese government is not sustainable.     

人力资本投资分析及政府政策选择

一、人力资本投资的概念界定要界定人力资本投资首先要清楚人力资本概念。人力资本是指体现在劳动者身上的、以劳动者的数量和质量表示的非物质资本,表现为劳动者具有一定的健康体魄、操作技能和劳动熟练程度。较早的人力资本投资定义是加里·贝克尔在《人力资本》一书中提出的。他认为,所有用于增加人的资源并影响其未来货币收入和消费的投资为人力资本投资,并指出“对于人力的投资是多方面的,其中主要是教育支出、保健支出、劳动力国内流动的支出或用于移民入境的支出等形成的人力资本”。这一提法得到了广泛的认同并沿用至今。人力资本的…     

Federal government policy in black community revitalization

Conclusion Federal programs have represented, at best, a series of ad hoc, piece-meal attempts to address a highly complex situation. Funding levels have been inadequate and there has never been any strong commitment to economic development on a meaningful scale. We have experienced a series of small, unconnected programs. In addition to HUD programs, so-called community development programs can be found at the Departments of Labor, Agriculture, Treasury, and the Economic Development Agency. But after two decades of poverty programs, revitalization efforts, and other efforts Blacks and other low income urban residents still, for the most part, live in substandard, segregated, and costly housing in conditions significantly worse than most other Americans.     

Analysis of the relationship between urban management and urban planning

Recently years, urban management and urban planning are playing important roles in the urban development of China. During such fast urbanization era of China, it is important to understand the close relationship between the urban management and urban planning. On one hand, planners need to know the principles of how to manage a city and how to make plans. On the other hand, a scientific and rational urban planning keeping abreast of the times is a fundamental guarantee for achieving favorable economy, society and environment situation and strengthening the comprehensive competitive power of a city.     

Adult vocational training and government policy in France and Britain

Provision of continuing vocational training is subject to severalmarket failures: capital-market imperfections (credit constraints),risk arising from variability of future values of skills, mismatchof costs and returns owing to worker mobility, and general positiveexternalities of human capital. In the light of these marketimperfections we evaluate the contrasting French and Britishsystems of adult training. French policy is interventionistand includes an employer training levy. British policy has abandonedlevies and emphasizes individual initiatives by workers andemployers. Despite contrasting policies, the character of trainingprovision is similar in both countries, being mainly arrangedand financed by employers. Differences are that the French systemoffers both higher public subsidy and cost-sharing between trainingand non-training employers. Training provision is higher inFrance and occurs earlier in the working life-cycle. We concludeBritish policy could usefully reconsider employer levies forsolving training under-investment.     

Towards a European urban policy

In the face of some opposition from those who plead subsidiarity as the central plank of European policies, the emergence of an urban dimension to European policies has been significant in the last five years. Now, reinforced by a research base, with the European Parliament and the Committee of the Regions providing a political route to influence, and with a modest programme of experimentation in urban projects in progress, the “urban” appears genuinely fixed on the political agenda of Europe. From a UK perspective the substance of the programmes is limited; small in scale and following many of the lines established within City Challenge or the Urban Partnerships, the new European urban initiatives are substantively modest and marginal. Much more important is the symbolic importance of a European urban perspective. This gives impetus to the policy debate at both European and national levels with the Commission's Community Initiative directing attention not simply to growing polarisation, marginalisation and exclusion in cities, but also to issues of urban fiscal crisis — the interaction of heavy expenditure needs with inadequate tax or grant base. Increasingly fierce competition between cities for investment and growth, with both Brussels and nation states involved as regulators and/or co-competitors is certain to exacerbate inter urban differentials and to reinforce the salience of questions of social exclusion and urban fiscal crisis.     

当代印度政府提高粮食生产的政策研究

独立以来,作为世界上第二人口大国的印度,历届政府都极其关注粮食问题,从尼赫鲁政府的土地改革到后来的绿色革命等,印度政府采取一系列措施增加粮食产量,取得相当大的成就。一个最显著的成果是到20世界70年代末,印度在低水平上实现了粮食自给。粮食是农业的基础,粮食可持续发展是农业可持续发展的基础,农业可持续发展是一国经济增长的基础。在这个背景下,研究印度独立以来解决粮食生产问题,分析其成败得失,不仅对印度粮食安全和农业发展有着重要的意义,而且对广大发展中国家包括中国在内,都有现实的借鉴意义,也可丰富发展经济学的相关研究。     

加拿大政府投资计划管理的主要经验及借鉴

加拿大安大略省在政府投资公共设施的管理方面,注重构建科学的计划体系,长中短期规划计划相衔接,体现“以人为本”,注重区域间的均衡协调发展,政府职能部门和社会中介机构形成合力,共同加强对政府投资项目的计划和管理;投融资模式灵活多样,最大限度地提高资金使用效率。这些经验对深圳市加强政府投资管理,形成科学的决策机制,发挥政府投资效益具有较好的借鉴作用。     

From strategic urban planning to strategic urban management: Problems and solutions

This paper provides a short review of the history of urban development planning at different stages of urbanization, of the discussions and visions of the future of cities. It considers the urban planning doctrines in the Soviet Union and in today’s Russia (transition to strategic planning) and justifies the project of the system for managing the implementation of these strategic plans.     

我国政府供应农村基础教育的理论分析和政策选择

我国是农业大国，农业人口占全国人口的2／3以上，农村基础教育在整个国民教育体系中具有举足轻重的地位，农村中小学学生占全国中小学的比例是75％。办好农村基础教育，对于将沉重的人口负担转化为巨大的人力资源，为国民经济增长增添后劲，具有重大意义。本文从农村基础教育应由政府供应方面进行经济学理论分析，并基于农村基础教育的现实提出政策措施。     

Agricultural planning,pricing policy and co-operatives in Vietnam

In the competition between national government and local co-operatives, a central contradiction in socialist rural development, the price system, market control and terms of trade are crucially related to the relative power and capacity of the central government to control ratios of accumulation and consumption. In Vietnam there is a dynamic interaction between government and agricultural producers over pricing policy and paradoxically, it is the co-operative, primarily viewed by the state as a means of providing cheap food, which has strengthened the collective bargaining position of agricultural producers. The government has had to introduce material incentives to expand agricultural production beyond subsistence levels and bow to pressure to alter the previous accumulation/consumption ratios in favour of consumption.     

Planning policy, planning practice, and housing supply

This paper outlines a brief history of planning policy in Englandas it relates to housing. It discusses briefly the issues raisedby a plan-led system, and the uncertainties of household projections.Evidence on the relationship between house prices and housingsupply, and on house-builders’ landbanks, suggests thatplanning constraints are a key factor behind the long-term upwardtrend in house prices (though over shorter periods other factors,such as long-term real interest rates, will be more important).It concludes that the environmental constraints on additionalhousing supply, albeit important, can be overstated. While thereare serious adverse social consequences of the way in whichthe English housing market works today, it is not yet clearthat the (largely welcome) policy steps taken over the past3 years will prove sufficient to resolve this problem.     

Putting the social into urban regeneration policy

Urban regeneration is a policy area which has been dominated by property development and economic forces, and is therefore relatively ignored as an element of social policy. Social regeneration, meaning the improved and appropriate delivery of welfare services in poor neighbourhoods and the empowerment of local communities in regeneration processes, has never been a prominent feature. Social regeneration came briefly onto the policy agenda in the late 1960s and early 1970s but largely withered away in the welfare crisis and the Thatcherite decade. In recent years a revived movement for social regeneration has emerged, which is having some impact on policy. This article reviews the emergence of this movement and the changing policy contexts, arguing that practical and conceptual tools may now have been developed to support successful social regeneration.