The Perverse Effect of Debt Tax Benefits on Firm Investment Decisions

In this paper we question the idea that the deduction of debt interest is always an effective policy instrument to spur firm investment. We analyse the investment decision in presence of a borrowing constraint on the amount of debt that the firm can raise. We show that if the debt interest rate is decreasing in the firm's capital accumulation and another financial resource more expensive than debt is available (at least for levels of debt lower than the upper bound), then the deduction of the debt interest from taxes on capital income may reduce firm investment. This theoretical result is relevant for economic policy decisions when financial intermediaries are not willing to finance beyond a certain threshold but firms have access to other sources of finance.     

Financial Constraints and Investment Decisions

In what follows we show that liquidity constraints can affect a firm's investment even when the constraints are not currently effective. This happens when, at any given time, the firm believes that internal finance is likely to become a constraint in the future. In these circumstances, the value of the firm becomes a non‐monotonic functional form of the fundamental. Thus, in a dynamic setting, the potential barrier to internal liquidity expansion exerts a global effect on the firm's investment policy, lowering its desired investment profile (Classification JEL: E22, E51 ).     

Idiosyncratic Uncertainty and Firm Investment

We test the impact of idiosyncratic demand uncertainty on investment using a panel of 82 Dutch listed manufacturing firms in the period 1984–1995. The measure of uncertainty is constructed by estimating a state space model at the firm level to isolate idiosyncratic uncertainty from other unobserved components. Generalised Method of Moments estimators show that demand uncertainty, which is specific to the firm, depresses firm investment. More interestingly, we find that idiosyncratic uncertainty is more important in explaining firm investment than total uncertainty that mixes idiosyncratic uncertainty with other sources of uncertainty.     

Overseas Investment and Firm Exports

A firm can serve overseas customers by exporting or by producing in the foreign market. Thus, ceteris paribus , one might expect increases in overseas investment to displace exports. However, most empirical work has found a positive relation between the two variables. The authors use a panel dataset containing 25 years' of data on 932 Japanese manufacturing firms to investigate the effect direct investment abroad has on exports. For the full sample of firms, complementarity is found. The relationship, however, varies across firms. Those that are unlikely to ship intermediates to overseas production affiliates exhibit substitution.     

股票价格的“涟漪效应”研究——基于公司投资决策的视角

公司股价会对其自身的投资决策产生影响,但市场上可能存在一家公司的股价异动会对其他相关公司的投资产生影响的现象,即股票价格的“涟漪效应”.文章选取2007-2014年中国A股上市公司为样本,论证了股票价格“涟漪效应”的存在性,并探讨其作用机制.研究发现:(1)公司投资决策不仅受到自身股票价格的影响,还受到同行公司股票价格的显著正向影响,即存在“涟漪效应”;(2)“涟漪效应”的强弱主要受信息环境的影响,即同行公司股票价格的信息含量较高、信息有效性较强,并有更多分析师覆盖时,股价波动产生的“涟漪效应”则更为明显;(3)公司所属行业的资本密集程度较高、所属地区的市场化程度较低以及公司规模较大时,其投资决策更易受到“涟漪效应”的影响.这说明与社会学习理论和信号理论相一致,同行公司的股票价格可为管理层的投资决策提供有用信息.     

Asset Markets and Investment Decisions*

In an incomplete asset market, firms assign values to investment plans by projecting their payoffs on the span of the payoffs of marketed assets. This is a criterion that does not require firms to possess information, such as the marginal valuation of revenue across date‐events by shareholders, which is not directly observable; rather, it is based on the prices and payoffs of marketed assets. Under standard assumptions, competitive equilibria exist. However, even in the absence of nominal assets, competitive equilibrium allocations are generically indeterminate. The set of competitive equilibria is indexed by the price level at each state of the world, which has implications for the effectiveness of monetary policy.     

财政激励、投资战略与公司价值

基于政府规制理论、投资战略理论和价值创造理论,以中国A股上市公司为样本,探讨了财政激励、投资战略与公司价值之间的路径关系,并提出一个有调节的中介效应模型,对高管薪酬激励在“财政激励→投资战略→公司价值”路径中的调节作用进行检验.实证结果显示:①财政激励能够同时促进企业创新投资和规模投资,创新投资对公司价值具有创造作用,而规模投资对公司价值具有毁损作用;②高管货币薪酬激励能够增强财政激励对创新投资的促进作用,进而增强对企业价值的“创造效应”;高管股权薪酬激励能够遏制财政激励对规模投资的促进作用,进而削弱对企业价值的毁损效应.     

中国企业进入“一带一路”国家的投资区位决策 ——基于非市场环境与市场环境的双元视角

本文基于非市场环境和市场环境的双元视角,探讨向具有风险属性的“一带一路”延伸发展中国家投资的中国企业应对非市场环境约束的政治能力和企业社会责任、应对产品市场环境约束的市场能力与风险区位投资之间的关系。结果表明：①中国企业的政治能力、市场能力越强,越倾向于投资到政治风险更高的东道国;②政治能力和市场能力的交互具有协同促使企业向高政治风险区位投资的作用;③相较于工具性/经济性企业社会责任,强制性/社会性企业社会责任会分别增强政治能力和市场能力对企业风险区位投资的积极影响。异质性分析表明,相比于采取情境式政治活动模式的企业和新企业,采取系统式政治活动模式的企业和成熟企业更擅于发挥政治能力和市场能力的联合效应投资到具有更高政治风险的区位。研究发现对中国企业的对外投资区位选择决策具有启示意义。     

The Effects of Attraction on Investment Decisions

The attraction effect occurs when an inferior item changes a decision-maker's perception of the relationship between other available alternatives, contrary to the expectations of rational decision-making. This study presents the first evidence that this effect, which has appeared persistently in consumer research, can influence investment decisions. The study also finds two distinct patterns of reaction to the inferior item as a sign of "cluster attraction"-a way of spreading investment risk. Evidence of attraction means that the values of important facets of corporate reporting may not be stable across an investor's decisions, but may depend on the items presently available for investment. Results of an experiment conducted with approximately 100 graduate students with investing experience or interest show that the investor's perceived values of reported financial or non-financial performance, quality of earnings, and information source reliability are subject to trade-offs and can be altered by the composition of the decision set, rather than by any intrinsic change in the investment candidate itself. The discussion highlights the implications of these findings for an understanding of how investors regard the qualities of financial reporting.     

经济政策不确定性与企业退出决策:理论与实证研究

经济政策影响微观企业经营是现有研究的共识.在已有文献基础上,文章考察了经济政策不确定性对企业退出决策的影响.文章基于一个代表性企业最优退出决策的框架,构建了经济政策不确定性影响企业退出决策作用机制的理论模型,并利用1998?2011年中国工业企业微观数据对理论模型进行了实证检验.研究结果显示,经济政策不确定性通过增加市场预期收益的机制降低了企业的退出概率,即面对高水平的经济政策不确定性时,企业对未来市场形成了良好的预期,倾向于采取理性的"延迟退出"决策.进一步分析发现,企业退出决策的"延迟现象"在不同企业、行业和区域间呈现出异质性,经济政策不确定性更多地延迟了具有优越发展前景的企业、行业及区域的市场退出.从企业方面来看,这一现象在规模小、跨产业经营、出口、政府补贴的企业及创新企业中更加显著;从行业方面来看,这一现象在资金技术密集型的行业及生产率高的行业中更加显著;从区域来看,这一现象在市场化程度高的区域及经济增长快的区域更加显著.可见,政府的经济政策变动,不仅引导了企业制定理性的战略决策,而且激励了优势资源和市场的持续发展.     

Optimal Individual Decisions with a Psycho-materialistic Utility Function

This paper proposes a theoretical model aimed at interpreting the outcome of some games. It is often observed that players do not play the Nash equilibrium, when their utility is modelled on their payoff only. However, other models which include psychological variables fail to describe the behaviours observed. Here I propose a utility function which encompasses both monetary and psychological payoffs in such a way that the predictions fit the actual decisions of the players observed in experiments.     

Investment Incentives of a Regulated Dominant Firm

We study the investment incentives of a regulated, incumbent firm in a deregulation process. The regulator cannot commit to a long-term regulatory policy, and investment decisions are taken before optimal regulatory policies are imposed. We characterize the regulated incumbent's incentive to invest when a deregulation process is initiated and an unregulated firm enters the market as a result. The change in the marginal return to investment depends on how the investment changes the firm's virtual cost—the sum of its physical production and information costs. When the marginal return to investment increases due to deregulation, social welfare increases as a result of higher investment and more competition. Otherwise, the change in social welfare depends on the total of the effects in the fall of investment and increased competition. We also present conditions under which deregulation enhances welfare.     

Taxation and Investment Decisions: A Real Options Approach

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the impact of the tax system on the firm's incentives to invest and disinvest in an uncertain environment. This paper follows the real options approach, which allows us to investigate the value to a firm of waiting to invest and/or disinvest, when payoffs are stochastic and investments partially reversible. The implications for the magnitude and directions of the effects of tax policy are studied; also the case of tax policy uncertainty is examined.     

创新能力与客户资源配置决策对企业绩效的影响

基于资源基础理论和配置理论,从创新能力与客户资源相互配置影响企业绩效的视角入手,提出了4种不同的创新能力与客户资源配置决策。利用2006-2011年我国信息技术业A股上市公司面板数据,对创新能力与客户资源配置决策对企业绩效的影响进行了实证研究。结果表明：深度客户-广度创新配置决策对企业绩效具有显著的正向影响,对绩效波动的负向影响不显著;深度创新-广度客户配置决策对企业绩效具有显著的正向影响,对绩效波动具有显著的负向影响;资源多样化配置决策对企业绩效和绩效波动均有显著的负向影响;而资源集中配置决策对企业绩效和绩效波动的正向影响均不显著。     

宗教信仰、政治身份与企业投资偏好

文章运用企业家宗教信仰的直接调查数据,考察了企业家的个人宗教信仰对企业投资活动的影响。研究发现,相对于研发型投资,有宗教信仰的企业家偏好于风险相对较小的关系型投资;不同类型的宗教信仰对企业投资偏好具有不同的影响,笃信东方宗教的企业家相对于笃信西方宗教的企业家更加偏好于关系型投资;企业家的宗教信仰对投资偏好的影响因企业家是否具有政治身份而有所不同,相对于有政治身份的企业家,没有政治身份的企业家的宗教信仰会更加显著地正向影响关系型投资,表明政治身份可能会弱化宗教信仰在关系型投资中的作用。     

地方政府干预与企业投资的同伴效应

文章以我国上市公司1999-2012年的数据为样本,研究了我国企业当年新增投资是否会受到同地区不同行业企业平均新增投资的影响,并重点分析了地方政府干预是否会增强上述的企业投资同伴效应.研究发现,同地区不同行业企业间投资的同伴效应是存在的,即企业当年新增投资会随同地区不同行业企业平均新增投资的增加而增加;同时,在地方政府干预较强的地区,在省委书记离任前三年,在每个“五年计划”的最后两年,上述同伴效应更加显著.文章为地方政府干预影响所在地区企业投资的研究提供了新的证据.     

Market Liberalization,Regulatory Uncertainty,and Firm Investment

This paper analyzes the effects of regulatory uncertainty regarding labor costs on investment in a liberalized market. We distinguish between the external investment margin (market entry) and the internal investment margin (technology), and establish that regulatory uncertainty affects these margins differently, encouraging market entry, but discouraging technological investment. As a consequence, the impact of regulatory uncertainty on competition in liberalized markets is a combination of these two countervailing forces.     

大股东的所有权与企业的投资行为研究

Jensen和Meckling早在1976年就指出股权结构影响企业价值,而这一过程是通过影响投资实现的,但是一直缺乏有说服力的经验结果的支持。本文以2004～2007年1039家上市公司共4156个观察值为研究样本,从第一大股东股权的视角出发,研究了股权结构与公司投资水平之间的关系。研究发现,中国上市公司第一大股东的持股比例与公司的投资支出之间存在“下降-上升-下降”的“倒N”型的非线性关系;进一步研究后发现,持股比例在10％～20％的区间投资水平达到最小值,在60％～70％的区间达到最大值。但是这种“倒N”型的非线性关系只存在于非国家控股的公司,当第一大股东为国家股时,这种非线性关系会变得不显著。本文的研究为治理当前我国企业普遍存在的非效率投资、提升企业价值提供了经验证据。