封闭模型下稻米生产技术进步的福利效应分析

运用误差修正模型,估计我国稻米供给和需求弹性,在此基础上,采用Akino和Hayami提出的福利效应模型,具体测算我国稻米生产技术进步的福利效应并进行分解,基本结论为：稻米具有较低的供给弹性和需求弹性,稻米技术进步的福利效应表现为消费者剩余的增加和生产者剩余的减少,但消费者剩余的增加值远远大于生产者剩余的减少值,从而整个社会经济福利水平呈现上升趋势。     

人民币升值对我国社会福利水平的影响

文章运用现代福利经济学常用的效用理论、消费者剩余、生产者剩余等分析工具,结合几何图形分析了人民币升值情况下对我国社会福利水平的整体影响和结构性影响,指出人民币适度升值可以提高我国整体的社会福利水平;结合进出口活动来看,人民币升值使生产者福利水平受到损害,消费者福利水平改善。最后指出人民币升值带来的福利改善效应受人民币不可自由兑换等因素制约,并且强调人民币升值改善福利水平是有严格的条件限制。     

反倾销的经济学分析兼论中美贸易摩擦

美国对华频发反倾销调查,涉及多个行业,多数最终判决征收反倾销税,以抵消进口造成的"重大损失"。从经济学角度,从微观的消费者和生产者到宏观的需求和供给进行深入分析,认为从中国进口并未使美国受损,受损的仅是生产率较低的同类商品生产商,消费者获益更多。相反,对华反倾销不会给美国带来福利改进,由于诉讼费用、征税成本、连锁反应、报复性反倾销等因素实际福利损失往往很大。因此认为,美国对华实行自由贸易优于采取反倾销措施,减少贸易摩擦。     

我国入世3年对消费者剩余和社会福利的影响

本文分析我国入世以来百姓的消费者剩余和社会福利。进口产品的大量增加和外资的大量涌入,增加国内市场的供给,进一步促进国内市场充分竞争,对于大多数商品,消费者意愿支付的价格明显高于国内市场价格,全社会福利总体明显提高。由于历史原因和社会生产力发展不平衡,局部领域出现消费者剩余减少,福利水平下降。     

我国入世3年对消费者剩余和社会福利的影响

本文分析我国入世以来百姓的消费者剩余和社会福利.进口产品的大量增加和外资的大量涌入,增加国内市场的供给,进一步促进国内市场充分竞争,对于大多数商品,消费者意愿支付的价格明显高于国内市场价格,全社会福利总体明显提高.由于历史原因和社会生产力发展不平衡,局部领域出现消费者剩余减少,福利水平下降.     

论搭售与伪搭售——公路年票与天价月饼

本文运用微观经济学方法分析了引发热议的两种搭售现象--公路年票与天价月饼中的厂商行为与福利效应,创立了"伪搭售"这一概念以及在二维平面图中分析两种商品组合的消费者剩余与生产者剩余的图示法.     

我国入世3年对消费者剩余和社会福利的影响

本文分析我国入世以来百姓的消费者剩余和社会福利。进口产品的大量增加和外资的大量涌入，增加国内市场的供给，进一步促进国内市场充分竞争，对于大多数商品，消费者意愿支付的价格明显高于国内市场价格，全社会福利总体明显提高。由于历史原因和社会生产力发展不平衡，局部领域出现消费者剩余减少，福利水平下降。     

武汉市消费结构提升研究

消费结构的提升对经济增长的拉动作用是显而易见的.本文运用ELES模型,从边际消费倾向、需求的收入弹性和需求的价格弹性三个方面对武汉市消费结构变化情况进行了分析,从宏观和微观两个层面剖析武汉市城镇居民消费情况变化规律,最后提出减税降费,促进消费扩容升级,完善社会保障体系,降低储蓄率以提高消费者福利水平;加大优质商品供给力...     

低碳产业补贴政策对福利分配的影响

从低碳产业的外部性出发,探讨了补贴对低碳产业发展的影响。首先,通过假定补贴政策对低碳产品的需求弹性不同,分析了补贴增加的福利总额在生产者和消费者之间的分配。其次,假定对低碳产业生产者进行补贴,将会使整个低碳行业生产者收益增加,推动低碳产业的快速发展。最后,提出了构建低碳产业的补贴政策要根据低碳产业发展规划分步实施的政策思路。     

引入管理者要素的企业生产模型

本文以新制度经济学家提出的交易费用概念为出发点,明确引入管理者要素构建的生产者努力函数对传统生产模型进行了修正.新模型中生产者直接参与生产,而管理者通过影响生产者的努力系数间接参与生产过程.本文探讨了均衡条件下企业对生产者、管理者需求弹性的变化规律,一是劳动者需求价格弹性仅受企业内相对工资水平与生产技术的影响,劳动者绝对工资数量的多寡、产品价格的高低都不起作用;二是企业对劳动力的需求交叉弹性为负数,这意味着新模型中的生产者与管理者要素是互补品而非替代品.     

Segregating genetically modified and nongenetically modified corn in a marketing channel

The adoption of GM corn in the United States depends on many factors including segregation costs, which have minor impacts on aggregate welfare. Because the demand for nonGM corn is small relative to its supply, no premium for nonGM corn can be generated in excess of the segregation costs. An outward shift in the supply of corn resulting from the adoption of GM varieties has a greater impact on aggregate welfare than do the segregation costs required to satisfy the GM-free demand. A 10% increase in the aggregate supply of GM corn increases aggregate welfare by more than US $250 million. However, nonadopters of GM corn lose while adopters can gain or lose depending on the nature of the aggregate demand curve for US corn.     

Welfare analysis in a two-stage inverse demand model: an application to harvest changes in the Chesapeake Bay

Like many agricultural commodities, fish and shellfish are highly perishable and producers cannot easily adjust supply in the short run to respond to changes in demand. In these cases it is more appropriate to conduct welfare analysis using inverse demand models that take quantities as given and allow prices to adjust to clear the market. One challenge faced by economists conducting demand analysis is how to limit the number of commodities in the analysis while accounting for the relevant substitutability and complementarity among goods. A common approach in direct demand modeling is to assume weak separability of the utility function and apply a multi-stage budgeting approach. This approach has not, however, been applied to an inverse demand system or the associated welfare analysis. This paper develops a two-stage inverse demand model and derives the total quantity flexibilities which describe how market clearing prices respond to supply changes in other commodity groups. The model provides the means to estimate consumer welfare impacts of an increase in finfish and shellfish harvest from the Chesapeake Bay while recognizing that harvests from other regions are potential substitutes. Comparing the two-stage results with single-stage analysis of the same data shows that ignoring differentiation of harvests from different regions, or the availability of substitutes not affected by a supply shock, can bias welfare estimates.     

Examining crop price effects on production decision and resource allocation: an ex-ante approach

This article examines the output price effects on the US crop production, employing an ex-ante approach to the differential systems of input demand and output supply. The estimation results of the differential input demand show that the expansion of crop production leads to an increase in acreage (i.e. extensive margin) and a proportional rise in input usage improving yield per acre (i.e. intensive margin). The substitutable relationship between fertilizer and land supports that crop producers have an option to choose either intensive or extensive margin in response to changes in their relative prices. In addition, the estimation results of the differential output supply highlight that the composition of crop supply can be altered by changes in ex-ante crop prices. The estimation results suggest that crop producers substitute corn supply for the supply of cotton, wheat and soybeans or vice versa. Based on the estimated elasticities, the decompositions of profit-maximizing input demand are conducted, which reveals that a change in ex-ante crop prices is associated closely with resource reallocation.     

Policy reform and farmers' coping strategies: The case of corn price shocks in Heilongjiang Province of China

A substantial decrease in corn prices caused by the policy reform in 2016 in China led to heterogeneous supply responses of corn producers: decreasing corn acreage, making no change in corn acreage, and expanding corn acreage. We investigate the causes and consequences of cropland allocation of the supply responses using the balanced panel data on corn-producing households from 2015 through 2016 in Heilongjiang Province. We find that the corn producers largely acted in accordance with their own household resource endowments to make their choice decisions in response to the corn price shocks. Our results show that the decrease in corn prices led to a small decline in total corn acreage and a considerable increase in total acreage for soybeans and rice in 2016 and that the increase in total soybean acreage was more through area expansion rather than through substitution. Our results also show that crop structure for large-scale producers was more responsive to corn price than for medium- and small-scale producers. Given that continuous corn rotation prevails currently in Heilongjiang, our major finding suggests that the acreages planted to corn and soybeans cannot be easily adjusted by the market.     

Quality certification standards in competitive markets: When consumers and producers (dis)agree

A quality certification standard in a competitive setting can improve welfare but may affect consumers and producers differently. In a competitive model with quality preferences of the vertical product differentiation type, we find that producers prefer a higher (lower) quality standard than consumers if individual demand functions are log-convex (log-concave).     

Capabilities and production theory

The paper draws on a specification by Sen to model consumer capabilities and welfare, and extends this to modelling capabilities of producers and other agents. ‘Dynamic interactive capabilities’ are the outcome of successful interaction between evolving consumer and/or supplier capabilities and evolving producer capabilities, all occurring in ‘real time’ to meet the needs of dynamic competition in Schumpeter's sense. This involves learning on each side, as well as interactive learning between them. The paper then investigates the direction of both product and process changes in producers, driven by demand as well as supply factors through historical time and during structural change. Some consideration is given as to why orthodox production theory should have failed to broach so many of the issues which appear to be driving dynamic capabilities and productivity change in historical practice. Paths for further development of the capabilities approach are suggested.     

Money and Information

This paper investigates the role of money in markets in which producers have private information about the quality of the goods they supply. When the fraction of high-quality producers in the economy is given, money promotes the production of high-quality goods, which improves the quality mix and welfare unambiguously. When this fraction is endogenous, however, we find that money can decrease welfare relative to the barter equilibrium. The origin of this inefficiency is that money provides consumption insurance to low-quality producers, which can result in a higher fraction of low-quality producers in the monetary equilibrium. Finally, we find that most often agents acquire more costly information in the monetary equilibrium than in the barter equilibrium. Consequently, money is welfare-enhancing because it promotes useful production and exchange, but not because it saves information costs.     

Bundling in the Australian Telecommunications Industry

This article considers some of the implications for social welfare of bundling in the Australian telecommunications industry. The practice of bundling—offering two or more products for sale as a single package—is a strategy used in many industries. Although common, there are circumstances when the practice can be used anti-competitively. Yet bundling does not always harm consumers; at times, the practice benefits both consumers and producers, and it can even advantage consumers to the detriment of producers. The general literature on bundling suggests that its effect on social welfare depends on several factors such as market structure, the elasticity of demand for the products, the marginal cost of production, economies of distribution and the use of complex menus. We consider these factors when assessing the likely welfare effects of bundling in the Australian telecommunications industry, concluding that the potential effects of bundling on competition and the information costs imposed on consumers by complex menus of services seem the most significant considerations for social welfare. It is desirable that regulatory authorities monitor developments closely, although heavy-handed regulation of bundling seems undesirable.     

Monetary easing policy and long-run food prices: Evidence from China

The money easing policy in the past decade incurred a significant impact on food prices through channels of both demand and supply, and leads to a problem of welfare distribution in China. Through the construction of a theoretical model, this paper empirically studies the impact of money supply on 7 major food products in China. We find that except for the price of rice which is stable and the price of wheat flour which slightly increases, all other food prices including soybean oil, poultry meat, pork, beef and mutton, decline in response to money expansion. This mainly results from a relatively larger stimulating effect of money expansion on supply to that on demand. The governments should make precautionary policies to protect farmers from welfare loss.