旅游意象图:基于游客感知的旅游景区规划新设想

受启发于"城市意象"理念和图论学说,文章从游客感知出发,提出"旅游意象图"的旅游景区规划设想,认为旅游意象的基本要素包括旅游道路、旅游节点、旅游边界、旅游标识和旅游区域5个方面,旅游意象图的构建过程可分解为旅游意象点→旅游意象线→旅游意象链→旅游意象面→旅游意象图5个基本步骤,指出可从资源类旅游意象、产品类旅游意象、市场类旅游意象3个层面确定具体的旅游意象,并分析了旅游意象调研的4大基本方法:传统问卷调查、绘制心智地图、旅游意象游戏法和旅游意象访谈法。     

发展休闲娱乐业,创造旅游吸引物

从大众旅游到大众休闲无疑是旅游向纵深发展的必然趋势.一方面,异地休闲旅游作为一种休闲性的旅游方式将成为旅游主流,这不仅是观光旅游发展的必然结果,也是对事务旅游(事务性旅游,如会议旅游、会展旅游、商务旅游、公务旅游、探亲旅游、修学旅游等)局限的积极突破,度假旅游以及包括体育旅游、保健旅游、文化旅游、野营旅游、博彩旅游、探险旅游等在内的专项旅游会成为人们周末短途旅游、带薪休假长途旅游的首选;另一方面,就地休闲娱乐作为一种休闲性的生活方式,也将成为人们生活所必须,社区休闲体育、医疗保健、文化娱乐将会改变人们的每天、每周单调的生活模式.     

旅游伦理概念及理论架构引论

旅游伦理是近年来旅游研究关注的一个焦点。由于旅游伦理的研究尚处于起步阶段，旅游伦理概念尚未形成共识。本文在有关的旅游伦理研究文秩基础上，对旅游伦理的概念、旅游伦理的主体、基本问题和理论框架进行了初步讨论，目的在于提供一个初步旅游伦理概念和理论框架。旅游伦理是伦理学的应用学科，是关于旅游者和旅游利益相关者的道德学说；旅游伦理主体是旅游者和旅游利益相关者；旅游伦理的基本问题是关于旅游利益和旅游道德的关系问题；旅游伦理基本理论框架应包括旅游伦理意识、旅游伦理关系和旅游伦理实践。     

旅游的基本属性及其对旅游社会关系和旅游立法的影响

本文从关于旅游的AIEST定义以及学者和政府旅游主管机构对该定义的理解入手,分析了旅游的基本属性、旅游基本属性所决定的旅游社会关系的特点以及旅游基本属性对旅游立法的影响.旅游的基本属性体现为旅游是市场经济的产物、旅游是综合性的社会现象、旅游的本质是文化、旅游具有非实体性、旅游因运动而存在、旅游是一种多元系统网络结构.这些基本属性对旅游立法的影响主要有4个方面,即对旅游立法调整范围的影响、对旅游法律法规基本原则确定的影响、对旅游法权利义务实现效果认定的影响和对旅游法律责任承担形式的影响.     

论旅游景区、旅游产品、旅游资源及若干相关概念的经济性质北大核心CSSCI

目前,旅游学界对旅游景区、旅游产品、旅游资源、旅游吸引物等概念经济性质的理解较为混乱,存在以下误区:将旅游景区与旅游产品混淆,将旅游产品与旅游体验混淆,将旅游景区与旅游资源混淆,将旅游资源与旅游吸引物混淆。文章在对相关文献进行回顾的基础上,尝试剖析旅游景区、旅游资源、旅游产品的经济性质,继而延伸到对若干相关概念的经济性质的界定,试图厘清以上误区。研究结果认为:旅游景区是(景区业)旅游产品的生产单位和生产场所;旅游产品是由旅游吸引物、设施(硬件)、人员(软件)的组合所营造出的一种综合性服务,是景观服务、设施服务、人员服务的有机组合;旅游资源是原赋的旅游吸引物,是一种特殊的自然(原赋)资源,是旅游业所特有的一种生产要素;旅游吸引物是指一切具有旅游吸引力并可为旅游业利用的事物,包括旅游资源和人造旅游吸引物,后者本质上是资本和/或劳动,而不是旅游资源。     

我国旅游高等教育的问题、原因及对策

从学科内部层次的角度,可以把旅游学划分为旅游史学、旅游哲学、旅游科学、旅游工学、旅游技艺学5个部分.旅游史学探究现存的旅游现象,建构旅游学的事实体系,是一个"史"的领域.旅游哲学发掘旅游现象背后的存在,并在旅游存在与旅游现象的相互作用中,摸索旅游学的理念体系.旅游科学关注旅游现象内部,以及旅游现象与其他现象之间的联系,进而揭示其中的因果体系与辩证关系.     

智慧旅游城市竞争力评价

本文通过分析目前我国智慧旅游城市的现状得出,旅游科技创新、旅游经济发展、旅游发展持续力、旅游发展潜力以及旅游环境是智慧旅游城市的5…大评价指标。通过对我国首批12个智慧旅游城市的评价分析,发现我国现在的智慧旅游城市发展的现状即旅游竞争力总体处于较低的水平,在国际上拥有旅游竞争力优势的智慧旅游城市依然处于十分稀缺的状态。     

新时期旅游管理现状与创新发展

新时期旅游管理是旅游产业发展过程中必须要重点关注的内容,为了探索新时期旅游管理的具体方法,首先从新时期旅游管理机制不健全、旅游产品管理方式落后、旅游管理缺乏生态保护意识、旅游管理基础设施缺乏四个方面对现阶段我国旅游管理存在的问题进行了分析,最后从完善旅游管理机制内容、构建旅游复合产业链、提高旅游管理的生态保护意识、定期对旅游管理人员进行技术培训几个方面论述了新时期提高旅游管理水平的具体措施。     

竞争与整合:中国旅游教育发展与广西的对策

在中国迈向世界旅游强国的进程中 ,旅游教育发展跨入了竞争与整合发展的新阶段。但目前中国旅游教育能力仍然滞后于旅游人才需求的增长 ,旅游教育必须走出被动适应市场需求的窘境。为此 ,要编制全国性的旅游教育发展规划 ,培育一批具有世界影响的旅游教育的品牌学校 ,规范旅游学科建设 ,加快旅游教育师资队伍建设 ,建构具有特色的“旅游人才教育高地” ,以形成与旅游强国地位相适应的旅游教育体系。广西要抓住全国旅游教育竞争和整合的机遇 ,继续保持规模增长的良好势头 ,努力规避旅游高等教育发展的分散化趋势 ,集中建设好桂林旅游学院 ,为建构适应旅游强国地位的旅游教育体系做出贡献     

社区归属感对居民旅游感知的影响的研究——以浙江安吉乡村旅游地为例

乡村旅游地居民是旅游感知的核心,旅游感知是乡村旅游地可持续发展的关键条件,当前与社区归属感对乡村旅游地居民旅游感知的影响相关的研究比较匮乏。文章依托文献调研,引进旅游获利中介效应,搭建乡村旅游地居民的“社区归属感—旅游感知”结构方程,以浙江安吉为例,根据现场调查问卷数据,探析社区归属感对旅游感知的影响机理及方式。研究发现：乡村旅游地居民社区归属感对旅游获利和旅游感知都有明显正面影响,旅游获利是社区归属感影响旅游感知的中介效应;社区归属感对旅游感知不仅有直接效应还有间接效应,其直接效应(0.48)远远超过根据中介效应旅游获利对旅游感知的间接效应(0.55×0.27)。     

The tourist guide: The origins,structure and dynamics of a role

The two lines of origin of the modern tourist guide are the pathfinder and the mentor. These are the antecedents, respectively, of the leadership and the mediatory spheres in the guide's role. Since each has an inner and an outer directed aspect, four major components of the role are distinguished: the instrumental, social, interactionary, and communicative. The dynamics of development of the role from the Original to the Professional Guide is represented as a transition of emphasis from the instrumental to the communicative component. Aside from this main line of development, two new role types have differentiated: the Animator and the Tour-leader, emphasizing, respectively, the social and the interactionary components. The Original Guide's function is to produce attractions in the marginal regions of the ecological tourist system, while that of the Professional Guide is to reproduce the attractions in the central regions of the system.     

Leisure and the rich today: Veblen's thesis after a century

This paper calls for a revisionist reading of the thesis of the leisure class. Veblen's great work The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) argued that society is ruled by a leisure class. The primary identifying characteristics of this class are prodigious wealth, voluntary abnegation from pecuniary labour and conspicuous consumption. Veblen's argument suggested the decomposition of the work ethic because the characteristics cultivated by the rich would be emulated by the lower orders. Schor's The Overworked American (1991) work suggests that overwork, not leisure is one of the primary identifying characteristics of postwar culture. The article uses statistical and biographical data on the rich today to provide a counterpoint to Veblen's thesis. It is argued that the rich are not characterized by a rejection of work. On the contrary the richest people in the world typically work longer hours than the average. For these individuals work adopts a play form which probably contrasts sharply with wider social experience. Data on the leisure of Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and Richard Branson is examined to assemble a position on leisure and the rich which contrasts with the Veblen thesis.     

Forecasting international tourism trends to 2010

Modifications of earlier versions of forecasting models make it possible to trace the effects of changes in income and prices emanating from each individual country considered in this paper. At the theoretical level, it examines the assumptions underlying partial demand models and points out the implications of these assumptions in the context of those relating to international tourism. The new model is used to generate forecasts of tourism imports and exports for 20 countries for the period up to 2010. It allows a more realistic simulation of the impact of political events such as the introduction of the Euro and of changes in framework conditions.     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

The failure of ‘control’ in the hospitality industry

This paper explores the relationship between the literature on the issue of control and the realities of the hospitality industry. Management control is related to the unsanctioned entrepreneurial activities of operatives (illustrated by the ‘taxi scam’), the failure of computer systems used to control operatives, and the failure of the hospitality industry to exploit the potential of the new technology. The paper suggests that management's (and a significant part of the literature in this area) failure within hospitality is linked to the perception of the role of the hospitality manager as one of policing the industry.     

The BYOB of wine phenomenon of consumers in the Australian licensed on-premise foodservice sector

The overall aim of this baseline exploratory study was to explore the behaviour of wine consumers while dining out in the licensed on-premise sector of foodservice outlets in Australia. It examined the incidence and dynamics of the rather unique situation associated with wine in these outlets, namely the “bring-your-own-bottle of wine” (BYOB) phenomenon. A total of 816 respondents provided information regarding their most recent dining out experience. It was found that the BYOB of wine phenomenon is quite prevalent in Australian licensed on-premise foodservice outlets with 26% of all diners reporting that they had engaged in this the last time they dined out. Females engaged in the BYOB of wine to a greater extent than males and cited the lower cost to them as the main reason. Evidence was also found that the main motivating factor for the BYOB of wine phenomenon among diners was their risk perception levels and that it was therefore employed by consumers mainly as a risk-reduction strategy (RRS). This study showed that the BYOB of wine phenomenon should be added to the knowledge base on generic risk-reduction strategies of the on-premise foodservice sector.     

Management of water bodies in show caves – A microbial approach

The aim of this study was to monitor factors affecting the microorganisms of water bodies in caves and apply the findings to improve their management. Four show-caves in Romania were sampled monthly to obtain an overview of the changes occurring in the fungal and bacterial communities of cave waters in relation to surface and underground impacts. Test plates were used for microbiological monitoring, alongside the recording of environmental parameters - physicochemical, drip rates, and number of both bats and tourists. A higher number of microbes were obtained during springtime and the summer tourist peak-season. None of the identified strains were cave-specific, and the presence of human-associated taxa was observed from all of the sites. A lack of significant correlation between the abundances of the microorganisms and the physicochemical parameters of the water emphasise the reliability of microorganisms as significant proxies for impacts on underground environments and their use in management decisions.     

Authenticating Ethnic Tourism: Li Dancers' Perspectives

Authenticity is a negotiated rather than an absolute attribute of tourism phenomena. A large number of stakeholders is involved in the negotiation of authenticity, including the state, the business community, tourists and, in the case of ethnicity, representatives of minority groups. Each of these is likely to hold its own perspectives on authenticity. This presentation focuses upon the latter group and examines the perceptions of tourism and culture of Li dancers who perform for tourists in purpose-built folk villages in the island of Hainan, China. In order to structure perspectives on authenticity, survey responses of Li dancers are arrayed upon five constructs that can be viewed as representing different dimensions of the authentic. These constructs are: commodification versus spontaneity (non-commercialization), cultural evolution versus museumification, economic development versus cultural preservation, ethnic autonomy versus state regulation, and mass tourism development versus sustainable cultural tourism. It is demonstrated that there is tension both within and between each of these constructs. Furthermore, the perspectives of Li dancers on tourism and culture are formulated and reformulated within the context of the perspectives of other stakeholders who may hold different positions related to authenticity.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.