Clubs in an urban setting

In this paper the properties of a congestable concentrated local public good (CCoLPG) are described, taking into account both locational aspects and congestion. This discussion, therefore, completes the analysis of congestable local public goods (LPG) which was started in our earlier paper (Congestable local public goods in an urban setting, J. Urban Econ., 290–310 (1982). It is here shown that the optimal provision of CCoLPG leads to the creation of clubs, where the government has to determine the location and provide the optimal quantity of LPG in each club and also levy congestion tolls on users according to their level of utilization of the club. Congestion tolls cover the αest part of the costs, where α is the level of congestability of the CCoLPG. The rest of the costs are covered by taxing land rents. Clubs will form, possibly more than one per city, even if the LPG is pure (i.e., α = 0) and they will contain a single household if the LPG is private (i.e., α = 1). The difference between these results and those of classical club theorists stem from the fact that here we also take into account the limited supply of land of given accessibility (i.e., locational aspects), which like congestion lead to the creation of clubs. When these two factors are considered together, it explains why congestion tolls alone are not sufficient to finance clubs' operations, or why pure LPGs also have to be provided locally, etc.     

常州千人健身俱乐部发展的现状与对策分析

本文采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法等方法对常州千人健身俱乐部发展的现状进行调查分析,总结出常州千人健身俱乐部运营所遇到的问题,并找出解决问题的对策。通过调查,发现常州千人健身俱乐部运营所遇到的问题主要是运营理念出现偏差,缺乏专业人员管理、场馆硬件设施不完善、软件设施不到位等。对这些问题,可以考虑采取以下策略予以解决:明确俱乐部的运营理念、请专业的管理型人才参与管理工作、培训教练与会籍、改造完善俱乐部的各项硬件设施等。     

Do governments tax agglomeration rents?

Empirical evidence suggests that firms receive rents from locating in economic agglomerations and industry clusters. Using the German local business tax as a testing ground, we empirically investigate whether these agglomeration rents are taxable for local governments. The analysis exploits a rich data source on the population of German plants to construct measures for the communities’ agglomeration characteristics. The findings indicate that economic agglomerations and industry clusters exert a positive impact on the jurisdictional tax rate choice. Further analysis moreover suggests that a municipality’s potential to tax agglomeration rents depends on its firm and industry agglomeration relative to neighboring communities. To account for potential endogeneity problems, our analysis exploits long-lagged population and infrastructure variables as instruments for the agglomeration measures.     

Policies to promote new knowledge-intensive industrial agglomerations

This paper explores the role of policymakers in encouraging endogenous growth in regions. Policymakers in many regions have sought to create the local conditions and the knowledge base that will allow a dynamic and innovative cohort of new knowledge-intensive entrepreneurial firms to emerge. We review existing models of agglomeration to identify the critical antecedents and dynamic processes that lead to agglomeration formation. The policy interventions and instruments that impact on these antecedents and processes are then outlined. We describe the evolution of two new knowledge-based agglomerations, Dublin in Ireland and Tampere in Finland, emphasizing the role of policy interventions in the process of agglomeration formation. We show how policy interventions play an important role in stimulating the development of new agglomerations. However, because the process of agglomeration formation is dependent on local resources and processes, efforts to directly transpose a development model from an established district are likely to be ineffective.     

中部地区城市群空间范围界定

对中部地区城市群的认识,目前主要有三城市群说、四城市群说、五城市群说、六城市群说等几种观点,且中部地区各城市群的概念、空间范围差异很大。对中部地区城市群的空间特征进行科学分析,为合理布局城市群发展空间、优化城市群空间结构和形成中部崛起的城市群带动机制提供参考依据。     

中国三大城市群金融集聚:空间网络及结构分化

金融是国家重要的核心竞争力,金融集聚是推动城市群崛起的重要驱动力。本文基于因子分析和引力模型,研究了2007~2017年京津冀、长三角和珠三角三大城市群的金融集聚及其空间网络。结果发现:从整体来看,三大城市群的金融集聚网络逐步从分割走向融合,且上海在整个金融网络中居于核心位置;从局部来看,城市群内部金融集聚网络的结构差异明显,京津冀表现为主次型单一结构,北京位于绝对核心;长三角为多中心均衡结构,且江苏的金融中心程度明显高于浙江;珠三角为穗深双核结构,深圳的上升趋势明显。据此,应基于城市群金融集聚网络的不同特征,差异化地整合和优化金融资源配置,为区域一体化和经济高质量发展提供高质量的金融服务。     

广州住宅小区配套设施建设与管理问题探讨

如何解决住宅小区配套设施的建设和管理直接关系到小区居民的切身利益和社会的和谐发展。本文通过对广州住宅小区配套设施建设和管理现状的实地调查和分析,探讨了住宅小区配套设施的建设和管理存在的问题,并提出相应的对策建议。研究表明,广州住宅小区存在中小学教育配套设施不足和建设严重滞后、小区停车场设施严重缺乏、商业配套设施建设过多、小区会所建设过泛、规模过大等问题。建议改变现行“一刀切”的指标体系,制定有弹性的小区配套标准,从小区实际情况出发配置公共设施,改变“大而全”的配置模式,政府应直接介入公益性配套设施的规划和建设,提高小区停车位建设规模,大力开发地下空间解决停车难问题,适当控制小区商业配套设施的规模,因地制宜进行小区会所建设,提高使用率,减少空置率。     

Local income redistribution: A club-theoretic analysis

This paper analyzes optimal income redistribution in a club model where interclub transfers are ruled out (redistribution must proceed on a local level in heterogeneous clubs). This assumption induces a trade-off between equity and efficiency in that the efficiency loss associated with club heterogeneity must be borne in order for redistribution to occur. The optimal club structure depends on society's evaluation of this trade-off.     

Is there convergence amongst shadow economies? International evidence

This paper examines convergence among cross-country shadow economies. Using the Phillips-Sul (2007, 2009) club convergence approach and data for over 150 countries from 1991 to 2017, the results show evidence against absolute convergence for all shadow economies; however, we find evidence of multiple convergence clubs. In particular, we find evidence for seven distinct convergence clubs and six divergent shadow economies. Each club is characterised by an increasingly larger shadow economy with the countries in club 1 having the largest shadow economy and those in club 7 having the smallest shadow economy. Using a two-way fixed effects approach, we also find that the determinants of the shadow economy are somewhat conditional on the convergence club. The existence of multiple equilibria suggests that policy makers in their attempt to combat the shadow economy would benefit by considering the different transitional paths associated with the different convergence clubs.     

Exploring the development trend of internet finance in China: Perspective from club convergence

We first employ β-conditional convergence and log t regression tests based on nonlinear time-varying factor model and club clustering algorithm to analyze the convergence characteristics of the development level of Internet finance in 335 prefecture-level cities in China. The result of log t regression test illustrates that there is no convergence as a whole in the development level of China's Internet finance. However, seven convergence clubs and a divergent group have been formed, and the development level and growth rate of Internet finance among these convergence clubs have shown obvious differences. Moreover, we also employ the Ordered Probit to explore the formation mechanism of the convergence clubs. The results reveal that the regions with a higher level of economic development, traditional financial development, economic openness and Internet development are more inclined to converge in a club with a higher Internet finance development level. Alternatively, the regions that are interfered with more by the government or that have a lower degree of marketization, tend to converge in a club with a lower level. Finally, according to the conclusions, we propose corresponding policy recommendations for promoting the regional coordinated development of China's Internet finance.     

我国城市群建设中存在的问题及其解决途径

通过中国城市群发展案例,分析了政府引导、市场导向、主导产业辐射带动等三种发展类型的城市群对区域经济发展的不同影响,提出城市群建设必须考虑与产业发展的平衡、协调和联动,必须与工业化、城市化、服务业相匹配,尤其是要重视服务业对城市群建设的纽带和支撑作用和市场机制的引导作用,并减少地方政府的过度干预。     

现代物流业对产业集聚"区位因素"影响的研究

现代物流业通过促进地区经济一体化,改变企业组织形态和流程再造以及自身的集聚对工业企业的集聚产生影响.探讨了建立现代物流业促进产业集聚时必须注意避免缺乏产业基础、资产专用性以及第三方物流的企业边界问题.     

Political Economy of City Sizes and Formation

There are two paradigms of city formation and size—the competitive model of large-scale land developers operating in national land markets and the self-organization model of agglomeration. This paper examines the effects of local politics, urban classes, and restrictions in national land markets on city size and formation. It starts by introducing local politics into the two paradigms. Then it turns to a growth situation, where land developers initiate new settlements, but existing cities are either self-organized or governed locally. The paper also examines the politics of local no-growth movements and of governance of specially favored mega-cities.     

Identification and Estimation of Club Convergence Models with Spatial Dependence

This article deals with heterogeneity and spatial dependence in economic growth analysis by developing a two‐stage strategy that identifies clubs by a mapping analysis and estimates a club convergence model with spatial dependence. Since estimation of this class of convergence models in the presence of regional heterogeneity poses both identification and collinearity problems, we develop an entropy‐based estimation procedure that simultaneously takes account of ill‐posed and ill‐conditioned inference problems. The two‐step strategy is applied to assess the existence of club convergence and to estimate a two‐club spatial convergence model across Italian regions over the period 1970 to 2000.     

辽宁中部城市群高等级公路网络发育程度评价

高等级公路是城市群城际联系的快速通道,对城市群一体化发展起着十分重要的作用。本文以22个入网城市的最短路径矩阵为基础,选取通达指数、伸展指数、趋中指数等指标,对辽中城市群高等级公路网络的发育程度进行评价。结果显示,辽中城市群高等级公路网络的发育程度在空间格局上呈现明显的"核心-外围"模式,通达指数最高的城市集中在中部地区(沈阳周围),较低的城市分布在外围地区;趋中指数排序与通达指数排序相吻合;作为城市群重要门户城市———营口的通达性丞待提高,城市群南北向高等级公路网络建设也需要进一步加强。     

Individual efficiency and club performance: a panel analysis of professional baseball

This paper investigates whether players' individual‐ and club‐level efficiency has substantial impact on club performance in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL). Using data from 1990 to 2000, and a stochastic frontier model, we propose a different way to measure club‐level efficiency. Our empirical results indicate that club‐level efficiency is crucial to club performance, measured by the winning percentage. Although the literature shows that some inefficient clubs with abundant resources are still very successful on the diamond, our results confirm that club‐level efficiency has a moderate impact on the success of a baseball club in the CPBL. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市群创新能力的空间差异研究

本文通过探索性空间数据分析和基尼系数对我国城市群创新能力进行了空间差异研究,以解决我国城市群创新能力的区域不平衡等问题。研究发现:各城市群的创新能力均呈现上升趋势,且各城市群创新能力的总体差距呈减弱趋势,而城市群之间由于要素的流动和共享,相邻区域的创新能力会受到一定程度的正向激励。因此,应发挥榜样城市的示范作用,对周边区域形成示范带动效应;推动京津冀一体化提速,充分发挥珠三角城市群的产业联动延伸,以此带动其他城市群,使各城市群之间实现整体协调发展。     

House price convergence: Evidence from US state and metropolitan area panels

We study house price convergence in panels of US states and metropolitan areas. Our analysis is centered on three issues. First, we test whether the US house prices are converging over time using log t convergence test by Phillips and Sul (2007). The test results suggest that there is little evidence of overall convergence. The second issue is to investigate the possibility of a convergence club where the cross-sectional dispersion of house prices of the club members decreases over time. We utilize a clustering algorithm and the results support that there is strong evidence of multiple convergence clubs. Finally, we examine the general characteristics of the various convergence and divergence subgroups as well as some important driving forces of convergence clubs. We find that housing supply regulation together with climate are important determinants of convergence club membership.     

External spillovers, internal spillovers and the geography of production and innovation

We consider a three-location duopoly model such that (i) firms choose production and innovation locations before (Bertrand) competition takes place and (ii) there are internal and external knowledge spillovers. We show: (1) agglomerations where firms earn negative profits may exist when there are both external and internal knowledge spillovers; (2) greater external spillovers do not necessarily favor agglomeration; (3) decreasing communication costs tend to favor agglomeration; (4) there are exactly two types of agglomeration equilibria: either both firms innovate in the agglomeration, or there is an innovator and an imitator; and (5) if there is a location where both firms produce, then innovation must take place in this location.     

Student clubs: experiences in entrepreneurial learning

Student-led clubs that seek to enhance entrepreneurial learning can be found in many universities. Yet, like many areas of extra-curricular activity in entrepreneurship education, their role in supporting learning has not been researched widely. The paper introduces research that addresses this gap and investigates the nature of the learning process student's encounter when they take part in clubs. The study explores the literature on entrepreneurial learning; it examines the different concepts and considers their contribution to understanding student learning experiences. From the literature, a conceptual framework is presented, highlighting the key aspects of entrepreneurial learning relevant for the field research. The methodology is introduced, including a series of qualitative studies and a survey of students. The study focuses on two types of student-led clubs ‘entrepreneurship clubs’ and ‘Enactus clubs’ and provides a comparative analysis. The findings reported show a range of student learning benefits that simulate important aspects of entrepreneurial learning, such as learning by doing, learning through mistakes and learning from entrepreneurs. More nuanced findings are also presented showing differences in learning benefits between club forms and heighten benefits for students taking leadership roles. Ultimately, the paper contributes to research in entrepreneurship by illustrating how student clubs support entrepreneurial learning.