城市群扩容对区域绿色经济效率的影响研究——以长三角城市群扩容为例

本文基于我国2006-2016年城市面板数据,以长三角城市群扩容为例,使用双重差分法实证研究了城市群扩容对绿色经济效率的影响。研究发现：城市群扩容对城市群原有城市的绿色经济效率有显著提升作用,对新进城市的绿色经济效率无显著作用,稳健性检验表明该结论是可靠的。机制检验表明：扩容未影响原有城市的技术效率,但通过提高市场一体化水平来促进原有城市技术进步,进而提升原有城市绿色经济效率;扩容通过降低功能专业化水平来提高新进城市技术效率,通过提高市场一体化水平来促进新进城市技术进步并降低其技术效率,由于技术进步效应和技术效率降低效应相互抵消,扩容未影响到新进城市的绿色经济效率。此外,扩容对原有城市中的大城市、高创新能力以及高经济发展水平城市的绿色经济效率有更大提升作用。     

When green isn't mean: economic theory and the heuristics of the impact of environmental regulations on competitiveness and opportunity cost

The conventional neoclassical economic wisdom argues that the opportunity costs of environmental regulations are high, with negative implications for costs and profits and, by implication, for growth and per capita gross domestic product (GDP). The minority view that environmental controls induce cost offsets that minimise such opportunity costs is marginalised by the conventional wisdom, which assumes that economic agents are x-efficient in production. A behavioral model of the firm is presented in this paper, whereby x-inefficiency in production prevails even in a world of perfect product market competition that is dominated by rational economic agents. In this model, environmental regulations affect both the level of x-efficiency and the extent of technological change and greener firms can be cost competitive and profitable. However, private economic agents cannot be expected to adopt ‘Green’ economic policy independent of regulations since, in this model, there need not be any economic advantage accruing to the affected firms in becoming greener.     

新经济市场失灵与纳斯达克效应——美国新经济周期的制度经济学分析

高新技术“正反馈机制” 的存在既是新经济出现持续高涨的原因,又是新经济出现市场失灵的关键原因。高新技术变迁一旦在核心技术处于垄断地位之后将陷入“闭锁” 状态,从而限制创新的方向只能局限于原有的“技术范式”之中,并导致盈利空间加速性下滑。这种盈利空间的加速性下滑将反映在纳斯达克指数急剧下滑之中,通过“财富效应”、“托宾Q效应” 以及“国际股市共振效应” 的传递,加速经济的波动,从而导致新经济周期的形状既不同于“V”,也不同于“U” 的变化特征。     

TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY IN THE INDIAN TEXTILES INDUSTRY: A NON‐PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FIRM‐LEVEL DATA

The Indian textiles industry is now at the crossroads with the phasing out of the quota regime that prevailed under the Multi‐Fiber Agreement until the end of 2004. In the face of a full integration of the textiles sector in the WTO, maintaining and enhancing productive efficiency is a precondition for competitiveness of the Indian firms in the new liberalized world market. In this paper, we use data obtained from the Annual Survey of Industries for a number of years to measure the levels of technical efficiency in the Indian textiles industry at the firm level. We use both a grand frontier applicable to all firms and a group frontier specific to firms from any individual state, ownership or organization type in order to evaluate their efficiencies. This permits us to separately identify how locational, proprietary and organizational characteristics of a firm affect its performance.     

经济金融化行为的政治经济学分析--一个演化博弈框架

自2008年美国金融危机发生以来,经济金融化成为国内外学界关注的焦点。文章从政治经济学的角度指出了金融化的本质在于资本积累演变为资本脱离剩余价值的生产与交换而通过金融系统实现增殖的过程,进而通过构建一个包含异质性主体的非对称演化博弈模型,揭示了非金融主体与金融主体之间从普通经济关系到金融关系的动态演变过程及其作用机制。研究表明：(1)经济主体之间的动态关系演变表现为非金融企业主要通过金融活动获取利润,金融企业则关注中间业务和表外业务并将普通家庭纳入其体系使之成为新的利润源泉,而普通家庭则被迫接受强势经济主体的二次分利,这些关系的变化将导致一国经济的金融化乃至金融危机。(2)经济发展状态取决于金融主体与非金融主体之间的相互关系,其中,非金融主体行为起主导性作用。在既定假设下,当非金融主体仅通过其资源保护行为影响金融主体的分利技术时,既可以促使一国经济走向新的稳定状态也可促使其走向崩溃;当非金融主体通过其资源保护行为和分利技术影响金融主体的分利技术时,经济可以实现演化稳定状态。(3)经济主体的金融化行为有三个层面的影响：一是经济主体的金融化行为促进经济主体自身在短期内实现高额资本积累;二是金融主体的分利行为与非金融主体的生产行为经常呈现对立的经济关系并容易被激化;三是没有政府介入的自由市场必然导致矛盾激化而陷入危机。因此,深入理解经济金融化问题的本质及其对经济的影响机制,对当前中国的经济转型和金融改革都具有重要意义。     

中国中小板上市公司产业创新的绩效研究

创新是经济增长的真正源泉,而产业创新是技术创新、产品创新、市场创新等的系统集成,是国家竞争力的基本决定因素。本文构建了包括创新外溢效应、创新投入、创新产出和产业效应等变量的分析框架,通过对中国中小板上市公司2006、2007、2008年的创新活动调查分析,检验了创新绩效与上述因子之间的关系。研究表明:企业绩效与创新投入、创新产出呈现显著的正相关性,而与创新环境与行业背景如政府支持力度和创新机遇等之间没有显著相关性甚至呈负相关,与外溢效应呈显著的负相关性,与创新人力资本投入、公司年龄、公司Q值也呈现负相关关系。     

外商直接投资对中国经济影响分析

本文认为外商直接投资在中国的发展变化为：①发展有波折、但总体增长迅速；②由合作企业转向合资企业；③港台地区成为主要外资源地；④重点由服务业转向制造业；⑤主要集中于沿海地区。外商直接投资对中国经济的影响表现在：①资本总量和产出增长；②就业机会和劳力素质；③经济体制和管理体制：④技术引进；⑤市场扩大。     

去产能背景下跨部门产业政策与技术创新

基于政策效果的部际传导视角，建立包含上游能源部门、中游电力部门和下游生产部门的多部门一般均衡模型，对高耗能产业生产函数以施加外生冲击方式刻画中国2015年实施的去产能政策，通过校准模型分析核心内生变量在政策冲击时期相较于平衡增长路径时期的变化。结果显示：①以“短期阵痛”为代价的去产能政策能够实现提振过剩产业产品价格的基础政策目标；②在能源部门技术创新的内生设定下，去产能政策能够提高绿色能源占能源使用总量的比重，实现绿色结构效应；③去产能政策能够降低绿色能源相对价格，实现绿色成本效应。进一步地，引入价格政策进行政策情景模拟，比较实现同一减排目标时内生技术模型和外生技术模型的政策成本，发现内生技术设定能够以更低税率和更小福利损失实现减排目标。研究结论表明，内生的技术创新是完善去产能政策传导、降低政策成本的关键环节，推动了下游过剩产业的市场提振和上游能源部门的绿色转型，为供给侧改革研究提供了产业政策与技术创新互动的新视角。     

去产能背景下跨部门产业政策与技术创新

基于政策效果的部际传导视角，建立包含上游能源部门、中游电力部门和下游生产部门的多部门一般均衡模型，对高耗能产业生产函数以施加外生冲击方式刻画中国2015年实施的去产能政策，通过校准模型分析核心内生变量在政策冲击时期相较于平衡增长路径时期的变化。结果显示：①以“短期阵痛”为代价的去产能政策能够实现提振过剩产业产品价格的基础政策目标；②在能源部门技术创新的内生设定下，去产能政策能够提高绿色能源占能源使用总量的比重，实现绿色结构效应；③去产能政策能够降低绿色能源相对价格，实现绿色成本效应。进一步地，引入价格政策进行政策情景模拟，比较实现同一减排目标时内生技术模型和外生技术模型的政策成本，发现内生技术设定能够以更低税率和更小福利损失实现减排目标。研究结论表明，内生的技术创新是完善去产能政策传导、降低政策成本的关键环节，推动了下游过剩产业的市场提振和上游能源部门的绿色转型，为供给侧改革研究提供了产业政策与技术创新互动的新视角。     

产业的柔性集聚及其区域竞争力

由于新技术革命的推动,世界范围内许多产业的发展已经或正在从福特制向后福特制转变,柔性专业化中小企业随之不断涌现。在此过程中,同一产业或相关产业部门中的大量专业化企业通过彼此间稠密的生产合作或市场交易网络,在地域空间上形成专业化的产业集聚体。这些柔性集聚体发展成为颇具竞争力的区域系统,奠定了现代区域经济发展中最重要的空间格局。     

Government intervention in Malaysian manufacturing industries: a suggested methodology of measurement

The whole issue of the appropriate balance in dividing economic activities between the state and the market has, in recent years, received considerable attention. The proponents of ‘goverment intervention’ argue that government have to take a leading role in accelerating the structural change with is perceived as necessary towards achieving an efficient allocation of resources leading to a higher economic growth. Consequently, government have to rely on various policy measures which aim at reducing, if not completely erasing,the malfunctioning of the market. Here it is not the number of policies or regulations that matters. What is more important is the potential of each policy towards eliminating market imperfections. In this context, the crucial issue is the need for a direct measure to gauge the impact of each policy on selected problems which tend to contribute to the malfunctioning of the market. The objective of this paper is to suggest a method to measure the effect of government policies on reducing market concentration which is perceived as one of the sources of market failure. The applicability of the suggested methodology has been examined with a data set from the Malaysian Manufacturing Industries.     

Institutional support for technological improvement — The case of Hungary

The technological “time warp” in which Hungary, like other Central and Eastern European countries, has found itself since the 1950s is at an end. This article concentrates on the transformation of institutional structures that support innovation and industrial technological development. First, it summarizes the types of institutions that support technological development. In a market economy, the process of generation and diffusion of innovation largely depends on the institutional and economic structure of the country. In a narrower sense, those institutions might be included in this group whose aim is wholly or in part to assist firms in experimenting with, understanding, and implementing new products and new production processes and improving quality. This article then details forms of inter-firm cooperation and highlights some empirical research findings based on three sectors — the pharmaceutical, machine tool, and car parts industries — which represent three different cases in the restructuring of Hungarian manufacturing. The main lesson of the study is that industry during its redeployment can create few demands for technology development institutes. Because of inherited structure, the accumulated knowledge of existing institutes and the supply and scattered demand of industry for technological support do not regularly coincide.     

Technological change and the vertical organization of industries

The vertical scope of a firm, that is, which components or segments of the production processes are kept in–house and which are outsourced, is variously considered as depending on cost and/or technological conditions. Most of the literature focuses on the incentives for an individual firm facing exogenous competition and technological opportunities. In this paper we consider the problem from the perspective of the whole industry: in what respect does firm organizational behavior depend on the industry technological evolution and aggregate structure, and how does innovation and organizational behavior affect the industry structure. We build an evolutionary simulation model of an industry where competitors decide the number of internally produced components. We relate the industry average value of market outsourcing to the technological conditions prevalent in the industry. The results from the model shed light on a number of (apparently) contradictory suggestions in the economic and management literature.     

服务外包不会像加工贸易那样创造奇迹

服务外包被认为是继加工贸易之后,中国产业经济结构与国际经济体系对接的重要方式。但通过对服务外包的市场容量、生产要素属性、产业组织属性等方面的分析,以及对现代服务业的结构透视,本文认为服务外包是一种产业组织方式的革新,并不能自然地延续加工贸易曾经创造的奇迹。     

国有资本扶持科技型中小企业发展功能的再认识

当前我国科技型中小企业发展正面临无偿性财政资金错位和经营性国有资本缺位的双重矛盾,而以武汉国资公司为代表的国有资本管理运营新模式在纾解该类企业融资难和融资贵问题上具有推广价值。该模式的内在机理在于,通过有偿化使用提高财政资金使用效益、市场化运作提高财政资金决策效率、战略性投资弥补社会资本市场失灵、杠杆化运作发挥国有资本引导功能,以及混合所有制改革激发国有资本市场活力。武汉模式的实践表明,国有资本的合理介入应当成为当前纾解科技型中小企业融资困境的优先选项。     

Demand competition and investment heterogeneity in industries based on systemic technologies: evidence from the US long-distance telecommunications services industry, 1984–1996

Industries based on systemic technologies are often characterized by a dynamically evolving market structure. The market structure that provides the context for firms’ investment choices itself evolves due to the feedback effect of firms’ investments. In such cases, analyses of investment-performance relationship, purporting to explain sustainable competitive advantages, should ideally account for the endogeneity of the determinants of market structure—technology, demand, and policy—and firms’ investment choices. This paper focuses on the endogeneity of the demand-side determinants of market structure and firms’ demand-side investments under the assumed conditions of constant technology and policy environment. In doing so it contradicts the extant depiction of the evolution of industrial market structure in the above context as primarily caused by the evolution of underlying technological system in response to firms’ endogenous technological investments that generate sustainable competitive advantage for the dominant firms. A dynamic evolutionary model of demand competition captures the competition in the downstream market for basic industry product and its complements in an industry based on systemic technology during its post-interoperability stage. A natural experiment drawn from the US Long-distance telecommunications services industry during 1984–1996 allows testing the hypotheses drawn from the above model in a panel data setting.     

Determinants of TFP growth: A close look at industries driving the EU–US TFP gap

This paper explores the determinants of the EU–US TFP growth gap using EU KLEMS. As found in previous analyses, TFP growth appears to be driven by catching-up phenomena associated with the gradual adoption of new technologies. TFP growth is also significantly driven by developments at the “technological frontier”, especially since the mid-1990s. Industries with higher R&D expenditures and higher adoption rates for ICT-intensive technologies appear to exhibit higher TFP growth rates, whilst human capital has mostly a significant effect across countries. Regarding determinants in industries relevant for the different TFP performance of the EU versus the US, ICT-producing industries appear to benefit from R&D in terms of stronger spillovers from TFP gains at the frontier, network utilities are strongly affected by product market regulations, whilst the retail and wholesale trade industry is significantly influenced by consumption dynamics which permit a better exploitation of scale economies.     

The economics of poverty traps part one: Complete markets

This paper lists theoretical reasons why neoclassical models of one-sector growth imply that nations with identical economic structures need not converge to the same steady state or balanced growth path, and outlines the empirical significance and policy implications of conditional nonconvergence. We survey poverty traps in both convex and nonconvex economies with complete market structures. Among the potential causes of traps are subsistence consumption; distorted international trade in intermediate inputs; demographic transitions when fertility is endogenous; technological complementarities in the production of consumption goods, financial intermediation services, manufactures, or human capital; coordination failures among voters; various restrictions on borrowing; indivisibilities in human capital formation or child rearing; and monopolistic competition in product or factor markets.     

新结构经济学-重构发展经济学的框架

经济发展本质上是一个技术、产业不断创新,结构不断变化的过程。发展经济学在二战后刚成为现代经济学中的一个分支时,结构主义的观点占主流,认为经济结构外生决定,强调市场失灵及政府在改变经济结构、促进经济发展中的作用。由于结构主义所主张的以政府主导产业结构升级的政策在发展中国家普遍失败,到了20世纪70年代以后,发展经济学转而以华盛顿共识为主流,强调政府失灵,片面侧重市场的作用,并且忽视了对结构及其变迁问题的研究。本文提出新结构经济学的理论框架,认为经济结构内生决定于要素禀赋结构,并倡导以新古典经济学的方法来研究经济结构及其变迁,以及政府、市场在此过程所起的作用,以弥补当前发展经济学的不足。     

Industry and Labour: Class Struggle at Work and Monopoly Capitalism; Social Standing in America: New Dimensions of Class; Class Structure and Social Mobility in Poland

A very well-established economic literature maintains that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are inefficient as compared to privately owned ones (POEs). In this paper, I argue that SOEs' inefficiency is not due to state ownership per se, but is rather caused conditions other than ownership, to which SOEs often — though not necessarily always — relate. In particular, I focus on dynamic efficiency — specifically, the production of technological innovation — of SOEs in manufacturing industries, where SOEs should contend with POEs in a competitive environment. I suggest that targeted measures, which are aimed at increasing managers' commitment to long-term investment strategies and at reducing corruption and political interference — albeit complex and difficult to implement — can be much more (positively) impactful on long-run technical progress than the simple privatization of companies. This leaves room for exploration and implementation of policies that might reconcile state ownership and market competition in industrial sectors.