税收无偿论批判

传统的税收理论认为,税收具有无偿性、强制性和固定性。这是一种十分片面而有害的理论,必须彻底消除和清算。税收不是国家凭借政治权力参与国民收入的分配,而是社会物质财富通过政府或国家而进行的在全社会劳动者之间的必然分配,它体现的是社会劳动者共同创造价值或财富,从而在不同层次和不同领域之间以税收的形式进行分配,共同分享劳动成果的社会经济关系。据此,传统的税收“三性”应改为税收具有有偿性、自愿性和变动性。     

The (Non‐)Equivalence of Input and Output Taxes Under Monopoly

The author argues that a government taxing a polluting monopoly by means of levies on output and inputs can implement the first‐best allocation through a continuum of tax profiles. Using this degree of freedom in the tax system, the government is, in general, able to transfer income from the firm to the public sector, so that the additional tax rate acts as a non‐distorting tax on profits. This transfer – and therefore public revenue – is the higher, the lower (higher) the input taxes are, and correspondingly the higher (lower) the output tax is, provided that the production function exhibits decreasing (increasing) returns to scale.     

On the Role of Green Taxes in Social Accounting

This paper addresses social accounting numerically in a dynamic generalequilibrium model. The main purposes are to study: (i) whether emissiontaxes based on static willingness to pay information can be used to improvethe welfare level, and; (ii) whether these taxes provide close enoughapproximations of the correct Pigouvian emission tax to be useful in thecontext of social accounting. The results indicate that, if environmentalquality is relatively linear with respect to pollution, the approximation ofthe Pigouvian emission tax will bring the economy close to the sociallyoptimal solution and, at the same time, provide a close approximation of thevalue of net investments in environmental capital.     

浅议员工激励的负效应

文章认为,在强调激励的积极因素的同时,我们还应认识到,不管是物质性激励,还是精神性激励、竞争性激励,都不可避免由于自身天生不足而引起的负面效应。正激励不仅对受激励者的同事、部门组织产生不良影响,还会对受激励者本人、整个组织产生不良影响;负激励也会带来诸多负面影响。     

浅析民营企业员工激励机制

民营经济作为国民经济的重要组成部分,在党的方针政策的指导下,一步一步茁壮成长,在我国经济发展过程中起着重要的作用,成为推动经济发展的生力军。但我们也清楚看到,民营企业在激烈的市场竞争中普遍存在后劲不足,可持续发展能力     

浅议灵活就业人员基本养老保险问题

随着市场经济的深入发展,我国就业结构日益呈现多元化趋势,灵活就业人群不断扩大,但是,大多数灵活就业人员却未纳入养老保险覆盖范围,削弱了养老保险固有的互助互济功能。因此,新形势下如何让更多的灵活就业人员参加养老保险,成为我国建设和谐社会亟待研究和解决的问题。     

农村税费改革的难点及对策选择

农村税费改革中存在许多问题 :农民减负与政府机构精简的矛盾 ,税负不公、计税土地帐实不符 ,名义税率高、征收价格与实际价格存在差异 ,税费改革与粮食流通体制改革的矛盾 ,税收征管体制不规范等。税费改革必须与乡镇政府机构、乡财政体制、农村教育体制等改革同步推进。     

On the Equivalence of Two Concepts of Returns to Scale

We examine the relationship between two widely used concepts of returns to scale at different levels of analysis. We show that while their weak global versions are equivalent, the strict global versions are not so. Versions at a given input vector are never equivalent, which invalidates a result by Ide and Takayama (1987).     

用人单位对员工权利限制的正当性标准探讨

用人单位对员工权利的限制,有其存在的合理性和必然性,法律应对此予以认可。同时法律应确立相应的权利限制 的正当性标准,以对用人单位限制员工权利的行为加以必要的规范和指导。对劳动者实行倾斜立法,只能是立法的技巧,而不 能是立法的理念,法律必须兼顾用人单位的经营利益。     

财产税和地方公共支出对财产价值的影响

本文的目的是提供一些关于地方公共预算对社区内财产价值的影响的经验结论。通过财产税的转移理论,本文分析了整体税收对地主租金收入和对佃户付出的影响。研究结果表明了税收和支出方案对地方财产价值的影响方向,以及粗略估计的数量级。     

Taxes and the Efficiency-Rent Extraction Trade-off

This paper presents an adverse selection model in which progressive taxation enhances productive efficiency by encouraging a principal (buyer) to be less aggressive in contracting with an agent (seller). Wary of padded cost budgets, the buyer employs a hurdle‐rate procurement policy. With a low cost hurdle, the buyer keeps greater profits when transactions are undertaken but trade occurs less often. While the hurdle is unaffected by a flat tax, a progressive tax tilts the buyer's preference: the buyer's benefit from a lower hurdle becomes less pronounced, since the marginal increase in his profits is muted in after‐tax terms. The result is increased trade and the possibility of Pareto improvements.     

On a Fundamental Advantage of Permits Over Taxes for the Control of Pollution

We extend the tax versus permits literature by considering permit supply functions and pollution tax functions that are generalizations of the usual constant permit supply and constant pollution tax rate. In our model, pollution is not uniformly mixed and the regulator is uncertain about the polluting firms’ abatement costs. We determine the optimal permit supply functions and the optimal pollution tax functions. Using these functions, we show that permits lead unambiguously to lower total expected costs than taxes. We analyze the magnitude of this difference for a simple model of climate change. By relating the optimal permit supply functions to Weitzman (Am Econ Rev 68:683–691, 1978) we provide a new interpretation of his results.     

大型矿井动力操控员工安全心理参数探究

随着矿产资源不断向地层深部开采,矿井亦不断延伸,尤其是千米深井日渐增多,矿井动力提升速度和提升功能不断加快、增强,矿井数字化水平提高,对矿井动力操控员工的心理反应能力、注意能力、时空判断能力等一系列心理素质水平的要求不断增强。员工的反应准确性、注意集中和分配能力及情绪稳定性和人格状况是构成影响员工操控行为安全稳定的核心心理品质。探究矿井动力提升系统操控员工的各项安全心理阈限值及其安全心理参数标准,建立员工安全心理选拔准入制,是保障矿井人一机和谐安全运行的重要措施。     

On the Incidence of Excise Taxes on a Monopolist's Price: A Pedagogical Note

Intermediate microeconomic theory texts mislead by their treatment of the effect of an excise tax on a monopolist's price and output. This note offers a simple demonstration of the correct approach.     

农村税费改革后乡镇财政支出格局的构建

随着农村税费改革在全国各地试点的启动，乡镇财政赤字问题也日益突出，反过来又影响到农村税改革的成败。而解决问题的关键是按公共产品理论对现有乡镇财政支出体制，边界，结构等进行改革，使乡镇财政形成新的支出格局。     

谈税收的外部效应问题

经济全球化使税收产生了一些外部效应问题,如降低了国家征税的自由度,对跨国公司的管理更重要,避税地和资本市场的发展都减弱了对其税制的控制,人的跨国流动增加,税收竞争突出,使税收总收入减少和税负转移等,这些问题都需要我们加以研究和重视。     

Product Quality and the Optimal Structure of Commodity Taxes

The comparison between ad valorem and specific taxation is among the oldest issues in formal public finance and is important for policy in the European Union (EU) and elsewhere. This paper develops and articulates simple but very general elasticity rules that characterize the optimal balance between the two in a model of endogenous product quality. These rules temper the preference for ad valorem taxation that emerges from homogeneous product models, pointing to relatively heavy reliance on whichever form of taxation has the least effect on product quality.     

知识型员工的特点与激励模式

在知识经济时代,知识和人的创造力取代了资本、技术和自然资源等成为社会向前发展的主要驱动力。而知识与创造力的产生与应用,归根到底离不开高效率和高素质的员工——知识型员工。因此,企业要获得和保持持久的竞争优势,就必须建立良好的激励机制,激发知识员工的主动性、积极性和创造力。本文根据知识型员工的特征,探讨了对知识型员工激励的必要性,提出了有针对性的激励模式。     

论主体税种的确立与完善

主体税种的选择是税制建设的核心问题 ,它决定税制结构的类型。我国税收制度过于依赖流转税 ,存在着诸多弊端 ,应立足本国国情 ,适当借鉴国际经验 ,构建流转税与所得税并重的双主体税制结构。