1∶1万土地利用数据库更新中的几个问题

利用高分辨率遥感卫星数据,采用国产地理信息系统软件,在相应数字图像处理软件的支持下,采用新的土地利用分类体系,对汨罗市土地利用信息进行解译分类,经野外核对后更新土地利用数据库。文中探索了利用3S技术快速、准确地更新土地利用数据库的几个技术方法问题,以实现短周期调查更新土地利用现状,为新一轮全国土地详查提供参考。     

基于多源信息的苏南典型地区县级土地利用现状与动态快速建库研究

对常熟市不同时期(1984、1992、1999、2001年),TM、SPOT、ETM Pan遥感影像多波段合成、分辨率融合、图像增强处理、精确校正与配准,建立不同影像的土地利用分类解译标志,以2001年ETM Pan合成图像为基础,通过目视判读,首先建立2001年土地利用本底数据库,通过连续对比法获得各时期常熟市土地利用数据库以及不同时期之间土地利用动态数据库。研究表明,以高分辨率原始影像建立土地利用本底数据库,较低分辨率图像做动态变化的方法是切实可行的,达到了1:5万专业制图的要求。不同分辨率影像的精确配准后不仅提高了低分辨率图像利用率,而且通过对比分析提高了判读精度,可以实现土地利用数据库快速更新。     

用CCD摄像机航空摄像提取城市土地利用信息的研究

常规的用地调查方法周期较长，难以及时反映土地利用的变化。而新技术、新设备的迅速发展，为该问题的解决提供了技术和设备的可能性。本研究旨在通过用ＣＣＤ摄像机航空摄像提取城市土地利用信息的方法来及时反映土地利用的变化和更新土地利用数据库。论文介绍了用ＣＣＤ摄像机航空摄像、录像资料录入计算机及相应的处理软件和方法等     

我国经济发达地区土地利用分类研究——以南海为例

土地利用变化显著的地区往往是土地利用分类研究的首选地区.南海位于我国经济最发达地区之一的珠江三角洲,是近二十年来我国土地利用变化最为剧烈的地区之一.以南海为研究对象,进行了土地利用分类的初步研究,尝试建立了南海土地利用分类体系.南海土地利用分类体系是在现行的《全国土地分类》体系的基础上,结合南海土地利用的实际,提出的一个三级续分的分类体系.其中包含了4个一级类型,21个二级地类.     

对我国现行土地利用分类的探讨——以河北省赤城县土地利用更新调查为例

以河北省赤城县土地利用更新调查为例,对我国现行土地利用分类体系中所存在的问题进行探讨,并提出了解决方案,以期加强现行土地利用分类标准在实际调查中的可操作性,促进"城乡一体"、"一查多用"的现代多用途的地籍发展,使之更好的为国土部门服务.     

关于建立我国土地利用分类及其制图问题的探讨

根据土地利用与土地资源背景的关系来论述土地利用的科学的系统分类及其制图问题,提出〔土地利用现状〕+〔土地资源背景〕迭加模式,以此提出以土地利用为主体的五级分类体系及编码系统,以及以遥感信息为主体的、GIS技术支持的多源信息复合分类与制图系统,为土地评价、土地生产潜力计算、土地规划、土地监测及土地管理的多目标服务的土地利用分类与制图系统,以克服当前的单纯的土地利用现状制图问题。     

基于土地利用分区思想的土地利用率探讨——以湖南省益阳市为例

由于土地利用分类系统不能完全体现中观与微观区域中土地利用的社会经济属性及地域差异性,造成土地利用率的评价功能失真,因此通过比较几种有影响的土地分类思想,提出将士地利用分区与土地利用分类系统相结合计算土地利用率,以突出土地利用的两大属性对土地资源利用的影响.     

基于卫星影像的济南市土地利用现状专题图制作

针对济南市土地利用现状分析的需要,以济南市辖区所在的两景Landsat8卫星影像为数据基础,利用ENVI软件对遥感数据进行了镶嵌和裁剪等预处理,并采用监督分类法提取了济南市土地利用信息,获得土地利用现状分类结果。最后,利用Arc GIS软件为专题地图制图工具,在分类结果的基础上编绘完成济南市土地利用现状专题图。     

坡度空间谱与空间关系参与下的土地利用分类研究

研究目的:依据《土地利用现状分类》,利用QuickBird高空间分辨率遥感影像,采用面向对象的影像分析方法对黄土高原实验区土地利用进行分类,探索提高土地资源数量及质量信息挖掘的广度、深度、自动化程度与准确度,提高工作效率,为国土资源行业的土地资源遥感监测工作提供技术参考。研究方法:在光谱和纹理分类的基础上,提出利用坡度空间谱和对象空间关系构建决策规则的方法;通过对DEM数据的学习,可以得到对象的高程、坡度和坡度空间谱;通过空间方位、距离和拓扑关系,可以分析对象之间的位置关系;最后将学习所得的规则加入到土地利用分类的规则集中。研究结果:相对于完全基于光谱和纹理信息的分类方法,本方法使分类总精度和KAPPA系数分别从76%和0.71提高到87%和0.86。研究结论:坡度空间谱与空间关系规则的应用能有效减少混分,提高分类精度,对于黄土高原区域土地利用分类规则集的构建具有参考价值。     

完善信息化监管,制度要先行

2007年以来,国土资源部在第二次全国土地大调查成果基础上,形成了土地现状、遥感影像逐年更新的全国土地利用现状矢量数据库,逐步完善了土地整治、工矿废弃地复垦等项目备案制度,初步建立了土地利用总体规划数据库、基本农田数据库.同时,利用国土资源综合信息监管平台,以土地利用现状与影像为基础,核查备案管理信息的逻辑性、完整性;计算比较地类信息与项目区坐标信息之间的关系;套合比对项目实施规模、位置的真实性,利用现状的合法性;对各类备案管理信息数据进行汇总分析.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.