Cost and profit efficiency of conventional and Islamic banks in GCC countries

Using stochastic frontier approach, this paper investigates the cost and profit efficiency levels of 71 commercial banks in Gulf cooperation council countries over the period 1999–2007. This study also conducts a comparative analysis of the efficiency across countries and between conventional and Islamic banks. Moreover, we examine the bank-specific variables that may explain the sources of inefficiency. The empirical results indicate that banks in the Gulf region are relatively more efficient at generating profits than at controlling costs. We also find that in terms of both cost and profit efficiency levels, the conventional banks on average are more efficient than Islamic banks. Furthermore, we observe a positive correlation of cost and profit efficiency with bank capitalization and profitability, and a negative one with operation cost. Higher loan activity increases the profit efficiency of banks, but it has a negative impact on cost efficiency.     

Keiretsu and risk: An examination of the risk exposure of keiretsu banks in Japan

We compare risk positions adopted by keiretsu and non-keiretsu banks in Japan and examine how the risk positions of Japanese banks changed following the conclusion in 1997 of an escalating series of banking crises in Japan and East-Asia. The results indicate that keiretsu banks take less risk than non-keiretsu banks, and that Japanese banks in general adopted lower risk profiles after 1997. Japanese bank risk is positively associated with the ratio of non-performing loans to capital, interest rates, and private investment in residential construction, and negatively with the ratio of administrative expenses to average assets and the money supply     

A new method to decompose profit efficiency: an application to US commercial banks

We propose a new method to estimate profit efficiency which makes explicit how revenue and cost efficiencies contribute to overall profit efficiency. Using data from US commercial banks from 2001 to 2010, we find that losses due to profit inefficiency represent about 3.5% of banks’ equity of which 1% is due to revenue inefficiency and 2.4% to cost inefficiency. Revenue efficiency changes affect more overall profit efficiency than equivalent cost efficiency changes. In contrast to previous studies, but in line with economic intuition, we find that while revenue and cost efficiencies tend to be negatively correlated, both correlate positively with profit efficiency.     

当前金融形势下的银行经营风险控制

商业银行是经营货币的金融中介组织,在当前金融形式下,银行存在着各种经营风险,对风险的控制是银行的当务之急,文中从风险控制的内容,原则措施上详细作了分析。     

A model for risk classification of banks

This paper deals with designing a bank risk classification scheme based on readily available performance data. This risk rating is referred to as ‘Risk rating’. Due to non-availability of data on CAMEL rating (C rating), R risk rating has potential for studying risk-based premiums insurance policy and for determining optimal frequencies for variable frequency on-site examination policy. A composite non-performance measure is developed to estimate probability of failure of a bank based on performance data available in bank call reports by fitting a Logit curve and estimating its parameters using maximum likelihood method. Division of banks into healthy and watchful types is based on critical dividing value of probability of failure.     

商业银行多元化经营对绩效和风险的影响研究--基于53家银行的面板分析

本文运用2003-2013年间我国53家商业银行的面板数据,通过建立多元化风险模型,对商业银行收入结构多元化、经营绩效以及风险的关系进行了系统分析。得出结论：规模较大的银行在专业型多元化经营业务成熟的基础上,转而发展综合型多元化经营业务,有利于银行绩效提升,但必须注重对风险的把控;而规模较小的商业银行因受地域、规模等因素的限制并不适合开展综合型多元化经营业务,应在主营业务发展充分的基础上,以发展专业型多元化经营业务为主。最后,根据实证结果提出相关的对策建议。     

Form of ownership and risk taking in banking: Some evidence from Massachusetts savings banks

In recent years there has been interest in the impact of the form of ownership on the behavior of financial institutions. In the 1980’s, there was a substantial movement away from mutual ownership to stock ownership in the thrift industry. The effect of this conversion process on risk taking and efficiency has been a matter of concern. The purpose of this paper is to examine the experience of savings banks in Massachusetts. A panel of 115 savings banks is analyzed for the years 1985 through 1993, a period that includes both rapid growth and a subsequent severe cyclical decline in property values. The credit quality of loan portfolios is related to the size of the portfolio, the structure of the portfolio, and the ownership status of the bank. Several models are estimated. In all cases, it was found that the cyclical decline in property values resulted in a decline in the credit quality of loan portfolios with a substantially greater impact on those savings banks that converted from mutual to stock status.     

商业银行个人理财：产品创新、风险表现及建议

本文总结了商业银行个人理财产品创新的＂三化＂特征,揭示了商业银行个人理财产品创新中的风险表现,提出了促进银行理财业务健康发展的建议。     

Decomposing the growth in residential land in the United States

This paper decomposes the growth in land occupied by residences in the United States to give the relative contributions of changing demographics versus changes in residential land per household. Between 1976 and 1992 the amount of residential land in the United States grew 47.7% while population only grew 17.8%. At first glance, this suggest an important role for per-household increases. However, the calculations in this paper show that only 24.5% of the growth in residential land area can be attributed to state-level changes in land per household. 37.3% is due to overall population growth, 22.6% to an increase in the number of households over this period, 6% to the shift of population towards states with larger houses, and the remaining 9.6% to interactions between these changes. There are large differences across states and metropolitan areas in the relative importance of these components.     

Top performing banks: the benefits to investors

In this study, we examine whether superior accounting performance as reported in the annual ABA Banking Journal Top Performing Banks survey translates into higher investor returns. We observe that the announcement effect is more pronounced during the early years of the survey. For the entire survey period and for later sub-periods in which bank holding companies (BHCs) are ranked based on return on equity (ROE), we observe statistically-significant superior holding period returns against both the S&P 500 index and in some cases a matched sample. These results include raw and risk-adjusted returns as well as buy and hold abnormal returns (BHARs). We obtain similar results after controlling for the market return, size, book-to-market ratio, and momentum factors.     

Computing systemic risk using multiple behavioral and keystone networks: The emergence of a crisis in primate societies and banks

What do the behavior of monkeys in captivity and the financial system have in common? The nodes in such social systems relate to each other through multiple and keystone networks, not just one network. Each network in the system has its own topology, and the interactions among the system’s networks change over time. In such systems, the lead into a crisis appears to be characterized by a decoupling of the networks from the keystone network. This decoupling can also be seen in the crumbling of the keystone’s power structure toward a more horizontal hierarchy. This paper develops nonparametric methods for describing the joint model of the latent architecture of interconnected networks in order to describe this process of decoupling, and hence provide an early warning system of an impending crisis.     

Tit for tat in small steps: the internationalization of Swedish banks

Earlier studies of the internationalization of manufacturing firms have shown that they tend to start their foreign operations in countries that are culturally close to their own and then gradually move to more alien ground. If banks follow their customers abroad, we would expect their internationalization to assume a similar pattern. Their penetration of foreign markets could also be expected to be related to direct foreign investments and exports. An empirical test in the case of major Swedish banks did not support this hypothesis. Instead these banks tended to concentrate their internationalization efforts to important financial centres. Thus they have not only chosen to establish themselves in places where many international banks are already working, but they have also tended to follow each other in a pattern of tit for tat. The nature of this process supports the idea suggested in earlier studies that internationalization is generally a gradual process, starting with minor commitments which are developed over time.     

Measuring scale effects in the allocative profit efficiency

This paper provides an approach to the measurement of the “scale effects” in the allocative profit efficiency. To be specific, we evaluate the improvements of profit that can be accomplished by means of a change in the scale size, once technical efficiency is achieved. New decompositions of the allocative efficiency into a scale effect component and the corresponding residual mix effect component are derived.     

Decomposing the declining volatility of long-term inflation expectations

The level and volatility of survey-based measures of long-term inflation expectations have come down dramatically over the past several decades. To capture these changes in inflation dynamics, we embed both short- and long-term expectations into a medium-scale VAR model with stochastic volatility. The model estimates attribute most of the marked decline in the volatility of expectations to smaller shocks to long-run inflation expectations. According to our estimates, the volatility of shocks plummeted in the early to mid-1980s, moved to a somewhat higher level that prevailed for much of the 1990s, and then declined to and remained at very low levels.     

发掘卡车使用中的利润

“快速、长途、重载”将成为货运行业新的发展方向。运输企业应改变以往单纯从载重和折旧中寻求最大价值的盈利模式，通过提高卡车完好使用率、运输速度和吨位，实现节约成本和盈利的目的。     

工程施工索赔中的利润索赔

工程施工索赔是承包商在工程施工期间因非自身过失蒙受损失而向业主或责任方索取赔偿或补偿,工程索赔除因对方违约给承包商造成损失提出索赔外,还可以因无法预料的自然或人为事件导致实施工程受阻或已实施工程受到损失,从而使承包商有权索赔。索赔通常依据     

Survival and the art of profit maximization

We study the relationship between rationality and economic survival in a simple dynamic model, where agents from different populations interact repeatedly through random matching. An explicit criterion (“bankruptcy”) determines whether agents survive each interaction; all agents are presumed to be aware of this criterion. Survival in each interaction depends on two factors: the strategies agents adopt when they interact, and the wealth levels they bring to the game. The model is completely symmetric with the only difference between the agents of different populations being their objectives. We consider the case where there are two populations of agents in which all agents from one group have as their objective, maximizing the expected profits from each interaction, while all agents from the other attempt simply to maximize the probability of surviving (i.e., not going bankrupt in) the interaction. We show that under the equilibrium dynamics, the proportions of each group in the total population must be bounded away from zero, but the balance is in favor of the survival-probability maximizers in that their numbers as a fraction of total population must always exceed 1/2, and can be arbitrarily close to unity. On the other hand, the fraction of total wealth controlled by the expected profit maximizers must also be at least 1/2, and can asymptotically tend to unity.