The Volume of Venture Capital Funds of Latvia and Their Financing Sources

The venture capital funds （VCF） financing sources of Latvia are considered in this paper. In the course of the work, a comparison was made between VCF financing sources generally used in Europe, Central and Eastern Europe （CEE） countries, and Latvia. Based on the results of questionnaire of VCF partners, an investigation of sources and structure of the capital attracted by all of the Latvian VCF was performed. In process of the investigation, the following methods were applied： questionnaire, logical constructive method, and comparative analysis. Moreover, some VCs were interviewed. As a result, it has been revealed that as little as five financing sources exist in Latvia unlike Europe, where VCF have not less than 13 financing sources, and unlike CEE countries where the funds are supported by at least eight financing sources. The average size of a VCF in Latvia is 10.8 M EUR, which constitutes 35% of that of European VCF. Among the main reasons for a small size of Latvian VCF and a small number of types （classes） of their investors, the country＇s low financial appeal for VC and immaturity of some types of investors in Latvia can be mentioned. For that reason, the State has to compensate for a shortcoming of VC; as a result, the share percentage of social capital in VCF financing sources of Latvia has reached 76.2 % while all VCF of Latvia are hybrid.     

Reforming the Financial Health Care System： The Case of the Republic of Albania

The Albanian health care system is currently in a period of deep transformation as well as the country is reflecting the future reforms after the turbulent development of the most recent years. The admission of Albania among future members of the European Union requires also an innovation in the health care system in order to build a model more compliant with the European performance and standards. These innovations are required also in the managerial approach to the health care and in its financing system. The aim of this paper is to analyze the actual financing model of the Albanian health care sector while highlighting the possible future managerial development. First of all, this article presents a history review of the Albanian health-care system, analyzing the current governance model. The goal of this approach is to describe the starting point of the reform paths for the future policy makers. Afterwards the research underlines the transition from a financing model based on historical public expenditure to a system based on the performance as one of the main innovation in the managerial approach to the health care. The introduction of management thinking will then allow developing a cost-based financing model, an accounting system in the teaching hospital and, finally, a financing system able to pay for services provided by private health care entities. The article then offers also a contribution to policy makers in order to define the ＂paths＂ of the Albanian health care system in the next years.     

Thing about Data Problem to Implement New Basel Accord in China

All scholars consider that historical data defect is one of the most difficult points to implement the New Basel Accord in our country. According to the theory of enterprise＇s life cycle, the author combines actually Chinese enterprise＇s life cycle and indicates that the difficult point to implement the New Basel Accord in China is limited ability to analyze the historical data.     

Measurement of Advertising Effectiveness： How Different Theories About the Relative Importance of Sales vs. Recall/Recognition vs. Emotion Were Popular

The aim of this chapter is to run through the history of marketing research applied to measuring the effectiveness of advertising and deepen in all those theories that have shed light on this aspect and have influenced subsequent theories and models. This historical review offers the opportunity of knowing the past and understanding better the present of market research applied to advertising. It is a chronological analysis to present day, which introduces the development of the explanatory models for the functioning of advertising and the theoretical and empirical contributions in this area.     

Governance and Economic Development in Africa Since 1970s in Comparison with East Asian Countries

The central argument of the article is that bad governance has been both the source and the consequence of the economic underperformance of African countries. Economic development is the end to be achieved in a sustainable way and this cannot be guaranteed without strong institutions under the conditioning of good governance and if possible democracy. Thus, at the heart of achieving economic development as indicated by East Asian countries and some countries that are able to register economic development in Africa recently, such as Ethiopia and Rwanda among others, they are building the appropriate institutions and policies, which are key to the process of economic growth by affecting the incentives to accumulate, innovate, and accommodate change. The article compares and contrasts governance and economic development between Africa and East Asian countries. It also reflects the lessons learned from East Asian countries to bring rapid economic growth and development in Africa.     

Optimal Weight Fund Constructed with Long-short Strategies and Its Risk-adjust Return Analysis： Case of A Fund

The market neutral strategy （long-short strategy） is designed to achieve higher risk-adjust return and higher Sharpe ratio than those of the indexes. Based on the strategy, historical data are tested to analyze the risk or return profile, and other issues such as the costs of construction of the fund are analyzed also.     

Culture facts in business negotiation

Culture conflicts have become the mainly business transactions. This article seeks the resolutions to attitudes, sources of truth, and the gender in the negotiation. impediment to the development of international the issues of culture conflicts from the points of     

China＇s ApprOach to Rebalancing： A Conceptual and Policy Framework

This article seeks to develop a conceptual and policy framework for understanding China’s role in the global economic imbalances.China’s contribution to these imbalances via recurrent trade and financial surpluses corresponds with a phase of deepening structural risks to China s economic growth and development.These structural challenges include:the composition of growth resulting from China’s dynamic internal transformation,China’s trade orientation,the trajectory of resource use and Commissions,welfare problems relating to distribution and international constraints.This article develops a conceptual framework for examining the relationship between the processes of long-run structural transformation in China,its economic imbalances,and the role of institutional reform in dealing with these structural challenges.As such,economic policy should extend beyond short-term macro management to pursue an institutional reform agenda to facilitate broader structural change to mitigate constraints to future growth and to improve economic welfare.     

Is There a ＂Middle-income Trap＂？ Theories, Experiences and Relevance to China

Through review of relevant studies and analysis,this article indicates that the "middle-income trap " is in line with the framework of the mainstream economic growth theories, and,therefore,it is a useful concept through which we can analyze economic growth phenomena in specific economic growth phases.The empirical experiences of many countries also indicate that at specific middle-income stages,economies with high rates of growth tend to encounter economic slowdown or even stagnation.The article shows that China is facing the challenge of determining how to move smoothly beyond the middle-income stage of economic development,while taking into account the shifting population structure,changing resource endowment and growth patterns.The article,drawing on international experiences, puts forward several policy suggestions relating to improvement in total factor productivity, expansion of human capital accumulation and deepening of system and government function reforms.     

Yeats’s Historical Prophecy in His Two Poems——On “The Second Coming” and “Leda and the Swan”

As one of the greatest poets of the 20th century,William Butler Yeats wrote many brilliant poems in his life and he spent years crafting an elaborate,mystical theory of the uni-verse and created great works on human history and philosophy. The most typical ones to elaborate on such theory are "The Second Coming " and " Leda and the Swan ",both of which are related to the historical prophecy and reflect Yeats’s idea about history.     

Social-economic Development of Small West European Peripheral Countries

In the framework of different countries＇ international comparison, the objective of this paper reflects research topic of investigation--the identification of small countries, revealing features of economic development and business growth in economic history context of small economies classification. The object of investigation focuses on West European and Nordic countries＇ small economies. The hypothesis of the article is that small states under consideration are developing as the business competitive peripheries areas due to the special Scandinavian capitalist model development characterized by high level of social capital. The statistical data base includes Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development indicators, World Bank parameters and Nordic transnational corporation＇s annual reports. The paper considers the following research questions： （1） the critical overview of the mainstream academicians opinions concerning different-scaled economies, （2） classification of small states and clarification of different groups of the small-scaled countries role in the world and regional economy through historical context, （3） estimates and variants of small countries＇ social-economic development in accordance with different parameters, （4） consideration of Nordic European countries coming to the business model of the competitive peripheral social-economic development. The main summing up conclusion is that small economies of Nordic Europe are converting nowadays into the experimental laboratory of the European and world economy due to the specific model of their social-oriented economic and business growth, their geopolitical location between developed European integration complex embracing presumably small-scaled states from one side and large-scaled emerging market economy of Asian continent from the other side.     

Global climate change and the research on technical paths of Chinese steel and iron industry against the climate change

The article introduces the impact and essence of climate change and analyzes the attitudes and measures of international community to fight global climate change. From the perspectives of Clean Development Mechanism, Voluntary Carbon Market, energy audit and potential carbon asset investment, this paper discusses the feasible paths of Chinese steel ＆ iron industry against global climate change and summarizes the main fields of adapting to the development of CDM project activities.     

Cultural industry development and multiple group participation in Taiwan

Based on the unique historical site culture assets, series of culture activities and constructions are held by Taiwan municipal government positively in recent years to raise local strength. Though the city landscape of Taiwan is far away from the traditional one, the comparison and analysis of foundation of cultural industry and the situation of cultural participation should be carried on to find out the real issues in Taiwan＇s cultural industry and cultural marketing so as to strengthen the ability of local development. This study finds out the resources of culture administration and the social participation in hope for clearing up the matters of Taiwan＇s cultural industry development, avoiding type Ⅲ errors, and giving suggestions.     

Charismatic leader＇s dilemma： How to be a good charismatic leader in the context of racism？

It is an important issue to advice leaders and managers how to act in difficult managerial situations caused by the multicultural communality. Racism paves the way to the bad society. Racism understood as cultural phenomenon gives interesting prospects for the development of anti-racist organization culture. Leaders, who inspire their followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization and who is capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on the followers, are in the main focus of this article.     

The reasons for Chinese growing gap between the rich and the poor, the adverse effects and the countermeasures

At present, Chinese growing gap between the rich and the poor has become the hot issues of social concern. The article summarizes the key performance of the gap between the rich and the poor, analyzes the reasons for the formation of it, and puts forward proposals to solve this problem.     

English and Chinese language ambiguity

This article from the Voice of Ambiguity, Lexical Ambiguity and Ambiguity in the three aspects of the grammatical structure of English and Chinese languages are compared ambiguity And analysis. Ambiguity in English and Chinese language through the comparison, resulted in two languages to explore the reasons for ambiguity; analysis of the characteristics of English language ambiguities; Research Should not be some ambiguity on how to avoid the emergence of the phenomenon.     

The Use of Body Language in English Teaching of Middle Schools

With the continual reform of language teaching and learning methods, teachers are in great demand to organize the classes in English and create English-learning circumstances. However, with the limitation of students＂ vocabulary, teachers have to simplify their teaching language with the help of facial expressions and body movements. In this article, the possibility and the effect of using body language in listening, speaking, reading and writing will be further discussed.     

Agricultural Science ＆ Technology Innovation of China： Imperativeness, Problems and Countermeasures

This article discusses the urgent need of agricultural science and technology innovation for China＇s agriculture development, and analyzes the limiting factors faced to the innovation of agricultural science and technology in several aspects, then puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions of strengthening the innovation ability of agricultural science and technology of China.     

The Strategic Partnership Cutting the Costs or not

There are numerous articles which have been written about strategic partnership and how they can be beneficial for both buyer and supplier. The aim of this article is to find out the ways of how the strategic partnership cuts the costs by using semi-structured interviews. Semi-structured interviews were found to be the most appropriate method of data collection because they enabled the researcher to gather valid and reliable data. Ten companies have been interviewed in different industries in Saudi Arabia （four in computer industries, three in bank industries, and three in food industries）. The article gives a valuable resource and rich information for those interested to know more about the Saudi market or those wishing to invest in it. All interviews were conducted with purchasing managers by using semi-structured interviews. The study found that the strategic partnership does cut the costs. Cutting the costs comes from sharing skills and information, reducing the investment risk, and decreasing the operation costs.     

THE BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE BROADBANDING COMPENSATION SYSTEM

This article describes the advantages and disadvantages of the broadbanding compensation system and how to implement the broadbanding better. The author thinks that organization should use the broadbanding based on the specific environment and pay attention to fairness so that the broadbanding can play a positive role in the organization.