企业生产率的代际效应和年龄效应

本文利用1998年到2004年中国制造业企业数据，从企业代际和年龄的角度研究了中国制造业企业的生产率变动，得到三个基本发现：（1）新进入企业总是能够将当时先进的技术知识和组织制度“物化”在企业的物质和组织资本中，存续企业也能通过“干中学”而提升其生产效率；而且只有在改革开始以后成立的企业才显现出显著的日益上升的代际优势；（2）中国制造业企业的代际和年龄优势并没有相应反映在外资企业上，外资企业的代际优势几乎没有，正年龄效应在第6年后也几乎消失；（3）尽管国有企业平均来看较其他所有制企业的生产率低，但在1988年之后新成立的国有企业日益增加的代际优势，表现出了明显的“追赶”效应。     

开发区生产率优势的来源:集聚效应还是选择效应?

准确识别开发区生产率优势的来源,对于开发区的效率评价和政策制定具有重要意义。本文首次从"集聚效应"和"选择效应"两个方面对开发区影响生产率的渠道进行了论证,进而运用Combes et al.(2012)的方法对开发区和非开发区的生产率分布进行了系统比较,并定量识别了开发区的"集聚效应"和"选择效应"。研究发现:(1)"集聚效应"和"选择效应"都显著提高了开发区的生产率水平;(2)平均而言,开发区企业的生产率优势主要源自"集聚效应",但是这种"集聚效应"持续期非常短,在开发区成立三年后就基本消失。由制度和政策优惠所形成"选择效应"则是开发区长期生产率优势的主要源泉;(3)民营、小规模、年轻的低效率企业从"集聚效应"中获益更大,这一方面意味着开发区有助于提高资源配置效率,另一方面也说明开发区起到了"孵化器"的作用,促进了民营中小企业的发展。     

中国企业劳动收入份额变动分解:代际效应与年龄效应——基于队列分析方法的发现

文章运用队列分析方法,基于中国工业企业数据,从企业代际和年龄视角诠释了劳动收入份额变动模式。结果表明:(1)劳动收入份额代际效应呈"U形"特征,1985年后诞生的企业呈逐代上行趋势;劳动收入份额年龄效应呈"倒U形"特征,在企业年龄为30年达到峰值;不同所有制企业的代际效应和年龄效应明显不同。(2)所有制变迁和技术进步对代际效应与年龄效应皆有解释力,但所有制变迁的影响相对更突出。上述结果表明,不同代际的企业在其成长路径上都带有制度变迁之"烙印",进而形成要素分配的系统性差异。这为理解我国当前国民收入分配问题提供了新的线索。     

贸易自由化与异质性企业生产效率变动:来自中国制造业的微观证据

本文使用1998-2007年高度细化的关税数据测算了最终品关税和中间品关税,在此基础上结合中国微观企业数据实证考察了贸易自由化与异质性企业生产率变动之间的关系.研究结果表明:(1)贸易自由化对制造业企业生产率进步具有相当的解释力,其中中间品关税减让引致的成本节约以及优质要素获得效应对制造业企业生产率的促进作用比最终品关税减让引致的竞争效应更大;(2)贸易自由化对非出口企业、非加工企业以及本土企业的生产率提高的影响效应分别显著地大于出口企业、加工企业和外资企业,并且这些差异又主要体现在中间品关税减让引致的成本节约以及优质要素获得效应对生产率的作用上;(3)制造业行业总体生产率的上升主要来自企业内部生产率的改善,而市场份额重置效应的贡献相对较小,进一步的估计发现,贸易自由化对资源重置效率的净影响也较为微弱.本文为理解中国制造业企业生产率的动态演进提供了一个新的视角和经验证据,同时也为评价中国入世的经济效果提供了一个有益的判别视角.     

信息技术能力对企业全要素生产率的影响——基于“增长效应”与“平滑效应”的比较视角

本文从全要素生产率长期增长与短期波动视角,以国家信息化测评中心"中国企业信息化500强"中制造业企业为研究样本,理论阐释并实证检验了信息技术能力影响企业全要素生产率的"增长效应"和"平滑效应"。研究发现:我国制造业企业全要素生产率的持续增长与周期性波动均表现出明显的惯性特征,信息技术能力提升能够显著改善企业信息分析与决策水平,从而有利于全要素生产率绝对水平的提高,即表现出明显的"增长效应",但也加剧了企业全要素生产率波动从而未形成明显的"平滑效应"。进一步分析发现,信息技术能力增强对高技术密集型制造业企业生产率的提升效果十分突出,但在中技术密集型创造业企业中却表现出显著的"平滑效应"。此外,信息技术能力的生产率"增长效应"在我国东部、中部和西部三大经济板块呈现出明显的空间分异特征,但均未表现出较为显著的生产率"平滑效应"。     

中国企业的自我选择效应与出口学习效应研究——基于制造业与服务业企业层面的比较分析

利用世界银行对中国企业的调查数据,考察了中国服务业企业出口与生产率之间的作用机理,并与中国制造业企业进行了比较分析。研究表明,具备较高生产率的服务业企业会主动选择出口市场(自我选择效应),进入出口市场后又将进一步促进企业生产率的提高(出口学习效应);而中国制造业企业未出现自我选择效应,仅发现了出口学习效应。这一结论为中国"进一步扩大服务业开放"提供了实证依据。     

外资企业与内资企业全要素生产率差异研究

外资企业具有内资企业无法获得的所有权优势,是实现"以市场换技术"推动内资企业技术进步和产业成长的先决条件。本文使用1998-2007年我国326696家制造业企业的经验数据,在利用LP方法估计企业全要素生产率的基础上,采用一阶随机占优方法检验外资企业全要素生产率是否高于内资企业,并采用分位数分解方法进一步将外资企业与内资企业全要素生产率差异进行分解。研究结果显示,外资企业全要素生产率显著高于内资企业,外商投资企业与内资企业全要素生产率差异,明显高于港澳台企业与内资企业全要素生产率差异;除港澳台企业在生产率低分位数(20%分位数及其以下)外,外商投资企业和港澳台企业皆具有明显的所有权优势,且在高生产率分位数上所有权优势更显著。     

中国大城市的企业生产率溢价之谜

基于双城模型,本文构建了大城市企业生产率溢价的概念框架,考察了选择效应、分类效应、集聚效应与竞争效应如何导致城市间异质性企业生产率分布差异;同时,基于1998—2007年规模以上工业企业数据,实证回答了中国大城市的企业生产率溢价之谜。研究发现:(1)城市的企业生产率溢价是集聚效应、选择效应、分类效应和竞争效应共同作用的结果,不同行业中这四种作用的溢价贡献不同;(2)集聚效应提高了大部分行业的企业生产率溢价;(3)竞争效应不一定导致大城市企业生产率呈现更大的"贫富不均";(4)城市间异质性企业区位选择存在着"水往高处流"现象;(5)大城市并不一定有更高的市场进入门槛。     

中国制造业企业全要素生产率研究

本文首先依托1998-2009年中国工业企业数据库,从构建面板数据、资本变量处理、价格指数处理等方面全面规范整理该数据库,并基于OP、LP等方法计算企业层面全要素生产率,详细考察中国制造业企业全要素生产率的动态变迁;接下来以企业全要素生产率为基础,从资源配置效率的角度讨论经济结构转型问题;最后从国有企业改革角度讨论影响资源配置效率的因素。研究发现:(1)中国制造业整体全要素生产率增长速度在2%一6%之间,年均增长3.83%,增速存在较大的波动;(2)制造业生产率增长的来源更多是企业成长,其增长的空间在不断缩小,亟待依托资源配置效率改善的新的增长模式;(3)不同所有制类型企业的效率差异较大,即使在"抓大放小"和资源倾斜的背景下,国有企业表现还是最差,投资效率比民营企业低43%,国企改革是改善资源配置效率、实现可持续性内生增长的关键。     

不同发展阶段出口学习效应比较——来自中国制造业企业的例证

基于1998-2005年中国工业企业的统计信息,本文利用倍差法考察了入世前后出口贸易对企业生产率变动的影响及其变化趋势,我们发现企业的出口学习效应依赖于经济发展阶段和市场环境的变化。实证结果证实:尽管出口贸易对中国企业的生产效率有一定的促进作用,但是这种影响在中国加入WTO后表现出明显的下降趋势;分样本估计的结果还显示,外资企业和低技术密集型行业的出口学习效应下降最严重,入世后它们的出口学习效应几乎不存在。因此,要想实现中国出口贸易的长期、高质量发展,我们必须重视出口结构的优化,鼓励内资企业"走出去",提高引入外资的质量,实现出口产品的技术升级。     

Tariff reduction and employment in Canadian manufacturing

Abstract.  This paper uses firm-level tax data to investigate whether the link between tariff changes and manufacturing employment differed across firms with various productivity and leverage characteristics over the period 1988–94. The results suggest that the effect of domestic tariff reductions on employment was typically small, but that losses were significantly larger for less productive firms. For instance, firms with average productivity in 1988 responded to domestic tariff changes by cutting employment by 11.3% over the period 1988–94, while lower-productivity firms typically shed 20.8% of their workforce over the same period. This paper also indicates that firms with unhealthy balance sheets – those with relatively too much equity or too much leverage – downsized more in the face of declining domestic tariffs, suggesting that financial constraints became more binding when tariff cuts were implemented. These results suggest that firms with high productivity and better financial health were better positioned to face the challenge of trade liberalization.     

Technology transfers,foreign investment and productivity spillovers

This paper explores the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the productivity of host country domestic firms. We rely on a specially designed survey of over 4000 manufacturing firms in Vietnam, and separate out productivity gains along the supply chain (obtained through direct transfers of knowledge/technology between linked firms) from productivity effects through indirect FDI spillovers. In addition to identifying indirect vertical productivity spillovers from FDI, our results show that there are productivity gains associated with direct linkages between foreign-owned and domestic firms along the supply chain not captured by commonly used measures of spillovers. This includes evidence of productivity gains through forward linkages for domestic firms which receive inputs from foreign-owned firms.     

Productivity spillovers through backward linkages: The role of the origin of investors and absorptive capacity of domestic firms

We argue that multinationals from different home countries have different technologies and input sourcing behavior. These differences impinge on potential productivity spillovers through backward linkages of multinationals and such effects also differ across host local firms depending on their absorptive capacity. Using a panel of Cameroonian manufacturing firms over the period 1993 to 2005, we find supportive evidence of these arguments. There is a negative relationship between the presence of American and European affiliates in downstream sectors and the productivity of Cameroonian firms in the supplying industries and a positive correlation in the case of Asian affiliates. The absorptive capacity of Cameroonian firms mainly explains these divergent results.     

Productivity Catch‐up Between Chinese and Taiwanese Electronics Firms

This paper aims to depict the patterns of China's productivity catch‐up with Taiwan in the electronics industry over the period 2001–2007. Specifically, we investigate the roles that ownership structure and innovation efforts play in the dynamics of the productivity gap. The firm‐level evidence suggests that the labour productivity gap between Chinese and Taiwanese electronics firms has narrowed during the past decade. Second, the narrowing of the labour productivity gap has occurred in foreign‐owned enterprises rather than in local firms. Examining the determinants of productivity catch‐up show that R&D significantly contributes to Chinese electronics firms' catching up with their Taiwanese counterparts.     

Efficiency and productivity of the food and beverage listed firms in the pre-recession and recessionary periods in Greece

This study uses data envelopment analysis to examine the liquidity and sales efficiency of the Food and Beverage listed firms in Athens Exchange in the period 2006–2012. The liquidity efficiency of the firms is higher than the sales efficiency but the results indicate that there are not statistical significant differences in the rankings estimated by the two models in each period. The Malmquist Productivity Index reveals that over the period of the study, firms have experienced an annual average increase in productivity of 0.5% (a slight progress). On examining the components of this productivity change, it becomes evident that firms have experienced an annual average of 2% increase in technology combined with a decrease in technical efficiency of –1.5%. The results indicate that 52.4% of the firms experienced productivity gains in the examined period, and this was mainly the result of technological gain rather than efficiency improvement. More than 90% of the firms in the sample shift the efficiency frontier and only 33.3% of the firms are catching up, improving their productivity by reducing inefficiency. Moreover, the empirical study reveals that the overall technical inefficiencies of the firms are primarily caused by pure technical inefficiencies rather than scale inefficiencies.     

Technology flows between sectors and their impact on large-scale firms

In this article we highlight the importance of technology flows between sectors and their impact on the labour productivity of large-scale corporations. Based on theoretical considerations, we explore technological spillovers between the sectors of an economy. Large-scale corporations usually focus on certain sectors but make use of a wide range of technological knowledge from other sectors. Thereby, technological knowledge built up in sectors by continuous R&D activities does not spill over without bounds but is directed by firms’ absorptive capacities. We use firms’ patent portfolio to empirically calculate the sector affiliation and therewith the firms’ absorptive capacities in order to estimate the impact of technology diffusion on labour productivity. Fortune 500 firms serve as data base.     

Innovation strategies and firm performance: Simple or complex strategies?

This paper analyzes the effect of various innovation strategies (ISs) of firms on their future performance, captured by labor productivity. Using five waves of the Community Innovation Survey in Sweden, we have traced the innovative behavior of firms over a decade, that is, from 2002 to 2012. We defined ISs to be either simple or complex (in various degrees). We call an IS a simple IS when firms engage in only one of the four types of Schumpeterian innovations, that is, product, process, marketing, or organizational, while a complex IS is when firms simultaneously engage in more than one type. The main findings indicate that those firms that choose and afford to have complex ISs are better off in terms of their future productivity in comparison with those firms that choose not to innovative (base group) and also in comparison with those firms that choose simple ISs. The results are mostly robust for those complex innovators that have a higher degree of complexity and also keep the balance between technological (product and process) and non-technological (organizational and marketing) innovations.     

Ad valorem versus unit taxes: monopolistic competition, heterogeneous firms, and intra-industry reallocations

Real-world industries are composed from heterogeneous firms and substantial intra-industry reallocations take place, i.e. high productivity firms squeeze out low productivity firms. Previous tax-tool comparisons have not included these central forces of industry structure. This paper examines a general equilibrium monopolistic competition model with heterogeneous firms and intra-industry reallocations. We show that the welfare superiority of ad valorem over unit taxes under imperfect competition is not only preserved but amplified. The additional difference between the tools arises because unit taxes distort relative prices, which in turn reduces average industry productivity through reallocations (the survival and increased market share of lower productivity firms). Importantly, numerical solutions of the model reveal that the relative welfare loss from using the unit tax increases dramatically in the degree of firm heterogeneity.     

Vertical Integration,Firms’ Entry,Exit, Strategic Shifts,Age, and The Productivity Growth in Korea's Core Growth‐Leading Industries

This study attempts to measure the impact of firms’ entry, exit, strategic shifts, and age on the productivity growth of Korea's three core growth‐leading industries and their vertical integration with capital share (VI) firms and non‐VI (NVI) firms in view of the 2008 global financial crisis and the institutional push by the Korean Government. A stochastic frontier production model was applied to firm‐level panel data from 2006 to 2011 for Korea's automobile, electronics and general machinery industries. The results show that exogenous shocks to the market triggered large‐scale resource reallocations from firms with declining productivity to firms with less declining or rising productivity, and market share reallocation between VI firms and NVI firms. The Korean Government's institutional push led the productivity growth of NVI firms to reach their highest levels in 2010. In a VI structure, a structure comprising VI firms only, the agency problem dominated the synergies of secure supply chains and saving on transaction costs, while NVI firms endeavoured to raise their productivity to step into a VI structure to secure stable supply chains, only to find their R&D initiatives stagnated once they took on the VI structure. Therefore, efficient resource reallocation is hindered by the agency problem within the bounds of vertically integrated industrial structures.     

中国私营企业的生产率表现和投资效率

本文利用第一次全国经济普查数据系统地研究中国私营企业的生产率表现和投资效率问题。样本分析表明,东部地区材料和机械设备制造业的私营企业在劳动生产率和资本生产率上都明显领先于其他地区,然而这种优势主要集中表现在规模较大的企业上。生产函数的估计结果显示各地区大部分行业的资本弹性稳定地处于0.2—0.3之间。对生产率方差的分解表明,地区和行业内部近90%的生产率差异来自TFP的差异,劳均资本的差异只占贡献来源的13%左右。虽然行业间生产率差异的主要来源还是TFP,但地区间的生产率差异则主要来源于劳均资本的差异。资本边际产出在地区间和行业间的不均衡分布意味着部门间存在资本配置的非效率。我们通过模拟实验发现,省际间资本重置给私营制造业带来的潜在产出增长效果比行业间的资本重置更加明显,这意味着私营制造业资本的地区间流动障碍比行业间障碍更为严重。