林业技术效率及其影响因素研究——基于随机前沿生产函数

文章运用随机前沿生产函数估计了林业生产投入要素劳动力和资本的产出弹性,测量了各省区2002～2009年的林业技术效率,并分析了林业技术效率的影响因素。结果表明:林业产业存在明显的技术效率损失,随机前沿生产函数的误差主要是由技术非效率引起;林业产业劳动力和资本的产出弹性分别为0.58和0.47,林业生产仍处于规模报酬递增阶段。总体上,各省区林业技术效率水平相差不大,且林业的平均技术效率水平呈现缓慢上升的趋势;森林病虫鼠害的发生率显著降低了林业技术效率,而基层林业工作站人员文化水平的提高能有效的改善林业生产的技术效率。     

Urban Influence on Costs of Production in the Corn Belt

This article determines the relative technical efficiency of rural- and urban-influenced crop/livestock enterprises in the Corn Belt. Farmers in urban-influenced locations are less technically efficient than farmers in rural locations. During 1998–2000, stochastic production frontier procedures indicate that a 10% increase in urban influence leads to a close to 4% decrease in technical efficiency. The most successful urban-influenced farms have controlled costs as effectively as rural farms. They have tended to de-emphasize that nondairy livestock activities—particularly beef and hogs—do not rely extensively on off-farm income, and have relatively large, less residential/lifestyle operations compared to less successful urban-influenced farmers. However, our statistical analysis clearly bears out the refrain in popular literature that urban proximity raises the cost for, and decreases the viability of, traditional farms.     

Land Tenure,Tenure Security and Farm Efficiency: Panel Evidence from the Philippines

This article tests the relationships among formalised property rights, land tenure contracts and productive efficiency in farming. Using four rounds of panel data from 230 rice farms in the Philippines, we measure the effects of land tenure arrangements on farm efficiency using a stochastic production frontier model. We test for the allocative efficiency of observed land rental markets. We also test how land tenure security affects farmers' investment decisions. Results suggest that, despite the presence of formalised titles, the rental market remains inefficient at allocating land. In contrast, the unformalised tenure contracts used by farmers appear to provide tenure security.     

Estimation of Profit Functions When Profit is Not Maximum

This paper deals with derivation and implications of profit functions when profit is not maximum due to the presence of either technical inefficiency or allocative inefficiency, or both. We show that input demand and output supply, elasticities, and returns to scale are, in general, affected by these inefficiencies. We also show that the overall profit efficiency is not necessarily the product of technical and allocative efficiencies, meaning that technical and allocative inefficiencies are not necessarily independent. Estimation techniques are developed for both cross-sectional and panel data models. Working of the model is illustrated using a panel of 60 salmon farms.     

我国玉米产业生产技术效率与其影响因素研究——基于2001～2011年的省级面板数据

土地、环境等资源制约与农村劳动力日益短缺等问题都使得我国粮食安全更为棘手。突破目前土地生产率提高缓慢,劳动生产率水平普遍较低的局面,是保障我国粮食产业稳定健康发展的根本出路和必要前提。土地生产率的提高主要依靠生物化学型的要素投入,而劳动生产率的提高则需要农业机械化率水平的提高,所以两种类型的技术投入是影响粮食增产增收的根本来源。文章采取随机前沿生产函数超越对数面板模型,对2001~2011年的全国省级玉米生产的技术效率和非技术效率影响因素进行了测算和分析,并进一步通过面板数据的回归模型分析了技术效率与生物化学型及机械型技术投入之关系。结果表明:我国玉米生产总体技术效率水平较高,其中东南部地区要优于中西部地区;自然灾害、政策补贴及地域差异都会对非技术效率造成显著影响;生物化学型要素投入对生产的技术效率贡献突出,是当前以及未来玉米增产的主要手段。     

Specification and Estimation of Production Risk, Risk Preferences and Technical Efficiency

This article deals with specification and estimation of risk preferences, production risk, and technical inefficiency. It makes contribution in three separate areas of production economics. First, we model producers' attitude toward risk and derive risk preference functions (without assuming any parametric form of the utility function and any distribution of the error term representing production risk) when risk arises from production uncertainty and technical inefficiency. Second, the standard production risk model is extended to accommodate technical inefficiency and producers' attitude toward risk. Finally, the technical efficiency model is generalized to accommodate production risk and producers' attitude toward risk.     

茶农生产性投资的技术效率及其影响因素实证分析——以福建安溪为例

以福建省安溪县茶农问卷调查数据为基础,利用随机前沿生产函数模型估计样本茶农投资的技术效率,并分析技术效率的变化规律及其影响因素。研究表明,茶农从事茶叶生产加工的时间、茶农从事茶叶生产加工的时间的平方项、茶农户主的受教育年限这3个解释变量对于技术效率的影响不显著;而茶农户主年龄、茶农主栽品种、是否接受过培训、茶农茶叶收入占家庭总收入的比例、茶农家庭拥有的茶园面积、村庄所在地类型虚变量与技术效率呈现正相关的关系;茶农家庭拥有的茶园面积的平方项、地区差异则对技术效率产生负向影响。     

社会资本对桃农生产技术效率的影响及对策研究——基于陕西省铜川市桃业的调查

利用铜川地区桃农调研数据,构建随机前沿生产函数模型,将社会资本各维度加入技术效率损失项,测算桃农生产技术效率水平,分析社会资本对桃农生产技术效率的影响。结果表明:桃农的平均生产技术效率为79.38%,存在着一定程度的技术无效率;在社会资本各维度中,关系网络,集体行动以及信息交流的改善能够显著提高桃农生产技术效率,而干群关系、信任与团结对桃农生产技术效率的影响未通过显著性检验。因此,改善桃农关系网络,集体行动,信息交流状况,是提高桃农生产技术效率的有效途径。     

辽宁省粮食生产技术效率分析

该文利用1994～2009年省粮食生产相关数据,采用超越对数随机前沿生产函数模型,对辽宁省粮食生产技术效率变化和影响因素进行分析。结果表明,辽宁省粮食生产技术效率总体上还有待进一步提高的潜力,而加强农田灌溉设施和提高农机装备水平、提升农技服务、继续加大粮食生产补贴政策以及加强防灾减灾能力建设是提高粮食生产技术有效性的重要政策取向。     

The Contribution of Unmeasurable Inputs to Fisheries Production: An Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Fishing Vessels in the English Channel

Variations in the efficiency of demersal trawlers operating in the English Channel were examined through the estimation of a stochastic frontier production function. The most important measurable factor affecting efficiency was the age of the vessel. However, unmeasurable factors accounted for about 65% of the variation in efficiency, and as much as 9% of the total variation in catches between boats. It is postulated that most of this variation was due to differences in skipper and crew skill. In contrast, "luck" accounted for around 11% of the variation in catches between boats.     

干旱区绿洲全要素农业水资源利用效率时空分异研究——以新疆为例

选取2004—2014年新疆14个地州市际面板数据,基于投入导向的超效率DEA模型,依托共同前沿理论方法,采用全要素水资源效率测度思路,对新疆地州市以及分区域农业水资源利用效率进行测度,并对其开展时空分异研究。研究结果表明,新疆地州市农业水资源利用效率呈现不断增长趋势,三大区域农业水资源利用效率呈现出北疆、东疆及南疆依次递减规律;南疆主要地区、乌鲁木齐市与阿勒泰地区农业用水处于无效率状态,伊犁州直属县(市)、博尔塔拉自治州农业用水处于低效率状态,克拉玛依市、昌吉回族自治州、塔城地区、巴音郭勒自治州、和田地区、吐鲁番地区等农业用水处于高效率状态。     

发达地区不同规模家庭农场粮食生产技术效率的实证研究基于上海松江家庭农场的调查

目的 松江在发展家庭农场方面的探索和实践,被认为是可以在我国经济较发达地区推广和复制的“松江模式”。通过对该地区家庭农场粮食生产的技术效率进行实证研究,可以为发达地区家庭农场推进适度规模经营、优化资源配置提供理论依据和政策支持。方法 基于2017年上海市松江区943个家庭农场的问卷调查数据,文章运用随机前沿生产函数模型测算了不同经营规模家庭农场粮食生产的技术效率,并在此基础上运用Tobit模型进一步探究了其影响因素。结果 上海市松江区家庭农场粮食生产的技术效率水平较高,达到0.922 6,且适度中规模家庭农场粮食生产的技术效率最高,家庭农场主的性别、受教育程度、务农年限和经营家庭农场的年限以及家庭农场主的父辈是否经营家庭农场、家庭农场种植制度的选择等对家庭农场粮食生产的技术效率具有显著性影响。结论 对于经济发展水平较高的地区而言,必须坚持以农户家庭经营作为农业生产的基本单位,因地制宜推进家庭农场的适度规模经营,同时,大力发展农机社会化服务,鼓励家庭农场主对稻田进行3年1次轮茬,在改良后的土地上种植二麦。     

Sources of productivity growth on Finnish dairy farms—application of an input distance function

The objective is to examine sources of productivity change on Finnish dairy farms in the 1990s. The decomposition of productivity change into technical and technical efficiency change is widely recognized but it neglects the scale effect. Generalized decompositions incorporating all three components are calculated for a sample of Finnish dairy farms from 1989-2000. This period is of interest because of the drastic change in agricultural policy when Finland joined the European Union (EU) in 1995. The results indicate that productivity growth was on average low, approximately 0.15% per year. Neutral technical change was identified as the most important source of productivity growth (1.1%). Technical efficiency decreased by almost 0.5% annually. The contribution of the scale effect in productivity change increased towards the end of study period.     

中国柑橘种植业技术效率评估及影响因素分析

[目的]研究中国柑橘种植业的技术效率、变化趋势及其影响因素,为柑橘种植行业效率评价和政策引导提供借鉴。[方法]采用超越对数生产函数随机前沿分析模型,利用我国8个柑橘主产省市2007—2015年的柑橘种植经营的面板数据,分类测算了柑橘种植技术效率、时序演变规律,并对影响因素了进行了分析。[结果](1)柑橘种植技术效率整体上呈现上升趋势,橘类生产技术效率整体平均水平高于柑类,柑类的生产种植技术效率由0. 26提升到0. 85,橘类的生产种植技术效率在0. 83-0. 95区间窄幅振动;(2)柑橘生产种植技术效率存在区域差异,东部省份和西部省份的柑类生产种植平均技术效率基本持平,中部省份的柑类种植生产技术效率相对处于低位,而西部地区的橘类生产技术效率整体上呈现显著的上升趋势;(3)化肥和农药为主的直接物资与服务投入对柑橘产出的增长效果具有负效应;(4)橘类的种植经营中存在显著的规模经济效应,柑类的规模经济效应不显著。[结论]技术进步在柑橘生产种植中正在发挥重要作用,单纯的依靠化肥、农业和劳动的投入增长,会带来效率的损失;生产规模的提高有助于柑橘生产的技术效率提升;在柑橘生产种植需要转换增长动能,更加注重柑橘生产过程中的有机、绿色属性,提升生产经营规模,实现适度规模经营,促进技术效率的提高,进而促进柑橘种植者的收入水平,实现产业扶贫的目标。     

Heterogeneity of Long‐run Technical Efficiency of German Dairy Farms: A Bayesian Approach*

In parametric efficiency studies, two alternative approaches exist to provide an estimate of the long‐run efficiency of firms: the dynamic stochastic frontier model and the generalised true random‐effects model. We extend the former in order to allow for heterogeneity in the long‐run technical efficiency of firms. This model is based on potential differences in firm‐specific characteristics and in firms’ inefficiency persistence. The model is applied to an unbalanced micro‐panel of German dairy farms over the period 1999 to 2009. Estimation of long‐run technical efficiency and inefficiency persistence is based on an output distance function representation of the production technology and estimated in a Bayesian framework. The results suggest that heterogeneity in long‐run technical efficiency of farms is mostly attributed to discrepancies in farm‐specific factors rather than differences in farms’ inefficiency persistence. Farm size is positively related to long‐run technical efficiency while subsidies exert a negative effect on the long‐run technical efficiency of farms. Inefficiency persistence is found to be very high, but heterogeneity in this persistence is low.     

Do family farms really converge to a uniform size? The role of unobserved farm efficiency*

We analyse the growth of family farms in Israeli cooperative villages during a period of economic turmoil. We use instrumental variables to account for the endogeneity of initial farm size, and correct for selectivity as a result of farm survival. We also include a technical efficiency index, derived from the estimation of a stochastic frontier production model, as an explanatory variable. Our aim is to check whether ignoring efficiency could have been the reason for convergence results obtained elsewhere in the literature. We found that technical efficiency is an important determinant of farm growth, and that not controlling for technical efficiency could seriously bias the results. In particular, larger farms are found to grow faster over time, while without controlling for technical efficiency the farm growth process seemed to be independent of initial farm size. The increasing polarisation of farm sizes in Israel has ramifications for the inefficiencies induced by the historical quota system, for the political power of the farm sector and for the social stability of farm communities.