研发合作研究现状述评与展望——基于管理全过程视角

研发合作是弥补单主体研发能力短板、提升科技成果转化效率的重要途径。随着创新主体研发合作行为的日益增加，合作模式采选原则、合作内在动因成为影响合作成果产出的关键，但现有研究尚未形成成熟的研发合作全过程系统理论框架。为更好地坚持开放创新理念，提升国家科技创新能力，从研发合作管理全过程视角梳理相关研究现状，针对传统综述阅读体量大导致判断误差大的问题，利用文献计量法对研发合作相关文献进行梳理，分析研究热点、期刊分布和作者合作网络，利用系统分析法筛选出重点文献50篇，通过构建研发合作管理全过程模型，对重点文献进行深入解读，系统论述研发合作内在动因、伙伴与治理模式、合作网络演化规律及绩效影响因素，评析研发合作研究现状并提出未来方向，为创新主体制定研发管理战略提供指导。     

技术创新管理行为对创新绩效的影响——以建筑企业为例

针对我国建筑企业技术创新绩效水平偏低的现状,运用协方差结构分析方法建立了建筑企业技术创新绩效与内部创新要素管理、合作创新管理行为间的关系模型,并在此基础上分析了我国建筑企业技术创新状况调查问卷的数据。发现建筑企业的合作创新管理与内部创新要素管理行为之间存在表里配合关系,它们共同对技术创新绩效产生影响,但前者的影响程度相对于后者较弱。增强对人才、知识和资金等技术创新要素的管理能力,在企业、大学、科研机构、技术咨询服务机构等组织间形成和发展合作创新网络,将是未来改善我国建筑企业技术创新绩效的根本途径。     

集群创新网络形成与演进的动因及其作用机制——以绍兴纺织产业集群为例的质性研究

从复杂系统理论、制度理论和组织学习理论等多个理论视角,讨论了集群创新网络形成与演进的动因,提出了集群创新环境因素和集群创新主体因素两类动因,并讨论了各动因间的相互关系。认为:集群创新环境因素通过影响集群创新主体因素中的经济理性动因和企业家动因进而影响其创新合作行为,从而导致不同形态特征的集群创新网络形成;集群创新环境的演进也是通过借助集群创新主体因素中的经济理性动因和企业家动因的传导进而使集群创新网络发生演进的。以绍兴纺织产业集群的创新网络为例,对其特性和结构进行了质性研究。研究结果进一步佐证了正式制度对集群创新网络形成与演进的作用主要是通过影响经济理性动因中的创新合作利益来实现的,非正式制度主要是通过影响企业家动因中的企业家精神和企业家认知来实现的。     

依靠技术创新提高河北核心竞争力

党的十七大报告强调"加快建立以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系,引导和支持创新要素向企业集聚,促进科技成果向现实生产力转化。"河北省第七次党代会报告要求"坚持以改革开放和自主创新为动力,不断提高我省核心竞争力;建设创新型河北,为经济社会发展注入新动力,建立以企业为主体,市场为导向,产学研相结合的技术创新机制。"但河北省某些企业研发投入不足,部分经营者对技术创新存在认识上的误区,是典型的短视行为。技术创新包括自主创新、模仿创新、合作创新。加快技术创新机制和体系建设,加大技术创新力度,对于推动创新型河北建设,早日建成具有实力、活力、竞争力的沿海经济社会发展强省具有重大意义。     

中关村高新技术企业合作申请专利网络集聚效应分析

根据中关村管委会提供的“一区十六园”和11个技术领域合作申请专利数据,构建高新技术企业合作申请专利网络。以模块度作为描述性指标,采用Louvain聚合算法分析社团结构特征及演化趋势。最后,具体分析4个时间截面的五大社团结构,从而揭示网络社团结构对企业合作申请专利的推动作用。     

Policy instruments for evolution of bounded rationality: Application to climate-energy problems

We demonstrate how an evolutionary agent-based model can be used to evaluate climate policies that take the heterogeneity of strategies of individual agents into account. An essential feature of the model is that the fitness of an economic strategy is determined by the relative welfare of the associated agent as compared to its immediate neighbors in a social network. This enables the study of policies that affect relative positions of individuals. We formulate two innovative climate policies, namely a prize, altering directly relative welfare, and advertisement, which influences the social network of interactions. The policies are illustrated using a simple model of global warming where a resource with a negative environmental impact—fossil energy—can be replaced by an environmentally neutral yet less cost-effective alternative, namely renewable energy. It is shown that the general approach enlarges the scope of economic policy analysis.     

Political versus economic institutions in the growth process

After a decade of research on the relationship between institutions and growth, there is no consensus about the exact way in which these two variables interact. In this paper we re-examine the role that institutions play in the growth process using data for developed and developing economies over the period 1975–2005. Our results indicate that the data is best described by an econometric model with two growth regimes. Political institutions are the key determinant of which regime an economy belongs to, while economic institutions have a direct impact on growth rates within each regime. These findings support the hypothesis that political institutions are one of the deep causes of growth, setting the stage in which economic institutions and standard covariates operate.     

外部联系对研发人员探索式创新的影响——内部直接联系、外部合作网络多样性的调节效应

企业利用外部合作网络获取丰富的异质性资源，已成为促进探索式创新的重要途径，而研发人员作为企业创新活动主体，其合作网络的外部联系会影响个体探索式创新，进而影响企业整体探索式创新绩效。基于社会网络理论，在考虑内部直接联系和外部合作网络多样性调节效应的基础上，建立研发人员外部联系对探索式创新影响的概念模型，并提出研究假设。以我国电子信息制造业代表性企业华为公司与中兴公司为例，采用国家专利局授权的发明专利数据，利用负二项回归模型进行实证检验。研究结果表明：研发人员外部联系与其探索式创新呈显著倒U型关系；内部直接联系、外部合作网络成员多样性、外部合作网络知识多样性对二者的倒U型关系具有显著负向调节作用。     

Research and development in the growth process

This paper introduces into Schumpeterian growth theory an important element of heterogeneity in the structure of innovative activity—namely, the distinction between research and development. We construct a simple model of growth to investigate how the (steady-state) rate of growth affects and is affected by the relative mix between research and development. Although we assume for simplicity that the total supply of innovative activity is given it turns out that, with one important exception, the growth rate responds to most parameter changes in the same way as in previous models where growth was determined by the total amount of innovative activity. In particular, the level of research tends to covary positively with the rate of growth, even in the extreme case where the general knowledge that underlies long-run growth is created only by secondary innovations arising from the development process. The exception concerns the effects of competition on growth. Although simpler Schumpeterian growth models implied that increased competition would reduce growth by reducing the incentive to innovate, introducing the distinction between research and development implies that this effect is likely to be reversed.     

外部联系对研发人员探索式创新的影响——内部直接联系、外部合作网络多样性的调节效应

企业利用外部合作网络获取丰富的异质性资源，已成为促进探索式创新的重要途径，而研发人员作为企业创新活动主体，其合作网络的外部联系会影响个体探索式创新，进而影响企业整体探索式创新绩效。基于社会网络理论，在考虑内部直接联系和外部合作网络多样性调节效应的基础上，建立研发人员外部联系对探索式创新影响的概念模型，并提出研究假设。以我国电子信息制造业代表性企业华为公司与中兴公司为例，采用国家专利局授权的发明专利数据，利用负二项回归模型进行实证检验。研究结果表明：研发人员外部联系与其探索式创新呈显著倒U型关系；内部直接联系、外部合作网络成员多样性、外部合作网络知识多样性对二者的倒U型关系具有显著负向调节作用。     

企业资源对企业创新行为选择的影响研究

在全球市场竞争日益残酷激烈和国内经济环境复杂多变的环境下,如何有效进行技术创新获得竞争优势成为企业关心的核心问题。资源冗余和资源柔性对于组合创新中所包含的自主创新和合作创新具有不同影响,只有结合组织的不同资源类型正确地选择创新方式,才能更好地促进企业的创新能力,在市场竞争中增强企业的核心竞争能力。     

黑龙江省发展农村专业合作经济组织的思路

建立农村专业合作经济组织是提高农产品竞争力的有效途径,对黑龙江这样的农业大省尤为重要。为此,我们必须转变基层领导方式,加强引导服务;根据实际,多途径培育专业合作经济组织;围绕扩大规模,发展各种专业合作经济组织。     

长三角城市群协同创新网络演化动力研究：基于指数随机图模型

利用2009-2018年长三角城市群产学研联合申请专利数构建协同创新网络,建立指数随机图模型（ERGM）,预测长三角城市群协同创新网络演化动力。实证结果表明,协同创新网络存在传递性,倾向于形成中介-2路径的开放式三角形结构;城市拥有的知识元素属性、经济发展水平和科研投入力度会对网络演化产生差异化影响;知识邻近性和组织邻近性在长三角城市群协同创新网络关系形成中始终发挥积极作用,制度邻近性和社会邻近性在网络演化前期发挥积极作用,但是伴随协同创新的深入,二者不利于协同创新网络合作关系形成。因此,政府应该引导各城市因地制宜制定创新战略,发挥各自资源与产业优势,助力构建高效交互的协同创新网络。     

科技型小微企业合作研发绩效评价实证研究:基于资源整合视角

合作研发是科技型小微企业缓解成长压力的一种有效方式,科学合理地评价其绩效,有助于准确测度合作效果,改进合作行为,促进合作可持续发展。从资源整合角度,探讨了科技型小微企业合作研发绩效的4个评价维度,即资源识别绩效、资源获取绩效、资源配置绩效、资源利用绩效。以国内195家科技型小微企业为调查对象,利用结构方程模型,建立了评价指标体系,并在此基础上对样本企业进行了整体绩效水平测评。     

The high road and the low road to international competitiveness: Extending the neo‐Schumpeterian trade model beyond technology

Extending the neo‐Schumpeterian trade model, we estimate a ‘social‐gap’ model for a group of 17 OECD countries over the period 1975–1995. We find that government spending on social protection, employment protection regulations, union density, strike activity, and income security in the labor market (all measured in ‘gap’ form) are statistically significantly related to changes in international competitiveness. Specifically, we find some support for a Calmfors–Driffil, nonlinear, relation between cooperative labor relations and social spending patterns on the one hand, and international trade (and inward foreign investment) competitiveness on the other, implying that countries with relatively stronger institutional arrangements have better international economic performance than countries in the middle of the scale of conflict and cooperation. Our results indicate that models focusing solely on innovative effort are misspecified, and may suffer from an omitted variable bias caused by the absence of consideration of other institutional factors influencing international trade and investment.     

The better you are the stronger it makes you: Evidence on the asymmetric impact of liberalization

This paper shows how trade liberalization can have an asymmetric effect on heterogeneous firms. It develops a neo-Schumpeterian growth model predicting that the impact of liberalization on economic performance is positive “on average”, but more advanced firms benefit more. These predictions are tested using Mexican plant-level data confirming that, under NAFTA, the liberalization spurred productivity growth on average. However, the empirical analysis goes beyond estimating the average effect of liberalization and shows that more advanced firms benefited disproportionately more from the liberalization. Focusing on the mechanisms explaining these results, the paper shows that the results are not just driven by an increase in input usage and investments, but rather by innovative and managerial efforts as they are significantly stronger in those sectors where the scope for innovative activities is larger.     

The Burden of Knowledge and the "Death of the Renaissance Man": Is Innovation Getting Harder?

This paper investigates a possibly fundamental aspect of technological progress. If knowledge accumulates as technology advances, then successive generations of innovators may face an increasing educational burden. Innovators can compensate through lengthening educational phases and narrowing expertise, but these responses come at the cost of reducing individual innovative capacities, with implications for the organization of innovative activity—a greater reliance on teamwork—and negative implications for growth. Building on this "burden of knowledge" mechanism, this paper first presents six facts about innovator behaviour. I show that age at first invention, specialization, and teamwork increase over time in a large micro-data set of inventors. Furthermore, in cross-section, specialization and teamwork appear greater in deeper areas of knowledge, while, surprisingly, age at first invention shows little variation across fields. A model then demonstrates how these facts can emerge in tandem. The theory further develops explicit implications for economic growth, providing an explanation for why productivity growth rates did not accelerate through the 20th century despite an enormous expansion in collective research effort. Upward trends in academic collaboration and lengthening doctorates, which have been noted in other research, can also be explained in this framework. The knowledge burden mechanism suggests that the nature of innovation is changing, with negative implications for long-run economic growth.     

创新型企业融资新路径问题研究

创新型企业在中国转变经济发展方式和调整经济结构中发挥着支撑引领作用,目前创新型企业定义并不十分清楚,对于如何解决创新型企业融资也缺乏有针对性的的研究。从创新型企业内涵、特征入手,先从理论角度分析创新型企业融资特点,再从供给需求两个方面来分析创新型企业融资问题,并通过借鉴国内外创新型企业发达地区的做法,给出了符合创新型企业融资的新路径和一些政策建议。     

How corporate cultures coevolve with the business environment: The case of firm growth crises and industry evolution

This paper shows how cognitive human dispositions that take effect at the level of an individual firm's corporate culture have repercussions on an industry's evolution. In our theory, the latter is attributable to evolving corporate cultures coupled with changes in a firm's business environment. With the help of a formal model of evolving corporate cultures, we demonstrate how firms can establish a cooperative cultural regime that yields competitive advantages in an innovative, fast changing environment. Depending on within-firm social learning processes and cognitive constraints of human agents, organizations then reach a critical cognitive firm size in their development beyond which the level of cooperation deteriorates rapidly—they systematically face a growth crisis. Organizations successful in such an environment and reaching a critical technological size may, however, reap economies of scale in a later, mature and stable business environment with altered corporate culture. Furthermore, we relate these findings to empirical evidence on firm survival and performance in different industries, the evolution of organizational structures, and technological advancements in production technologies, and we identify some determinants of market structures.     

Ecological and economic sustainability in fishery management: A multi-agent model for understanding competition and cooperation

Recent studies have shown that many marine ecosystems are experiencing an accelerating loss of population and biodiversity. It is apparent that there is a growing disparity between the available supply of fish and the desire of the growing world population to catch them. Although studies have begun to question the ecological sustainability of managed fishery systems, they often omit the corresponding effects on the economic sustainability of fishery industries. This is particularly important in rural coastal areas where the fishing industry is often a dominant employer. In this article, we analyze the interactions between economic and ecological dynamic systems using a multi-agent dynamic model of fishery management. Multiple agents (fishers) harvest multiple fish species and adapt the amount and allocation of their effort to their value functions, which are given as net profits of the fish harvest sold for a market price. This is largely unique in fishery models, since many econometric studies view fishers as represented by homogenous ‘average’ agents. We introduce and compare two different decision rules governing the behavior of fishers engaged in a competitive market. We demonstrate a situation where both behaviors lead to a decline of all fish stocks, as well as profits for most fishers. As an alternative, we introduce a cooperative approach in which fisheries jointly set sustainable limits for total harvest and effort that are then distributed to the fishers according to distribution rules. The simulation reveals that fish stocks and profits can stabilize at significantly higher levels in the cooperative case, leading to a continuous accumulation of capital for all fishers. This model demonstrates key aspects of overfishing conflicts that can be overcome through planned fishing quotas and cooperative market mechanisms. It also demonstrates a novel approach for simulating the dynamic behavior of heterogeneous fishers.