Quarantine Risk Analysis

Australia's quarantine policy is based on the concept of manageable risk, which is underpinned by quarantine risk analysis, which this article examines with particular reference to recommendations of the 1996 Australian Quarantine Review. Quarantine risk assessment addresses disease concerns associated with any particular proposed import and may also require detailed examination of possible economic and environmental effects. The degree of quantification varies, and more quantitative approaches may be either deterministic or stochastic. Assessments consider both the probability of an event occurring and its consequences, including the direct economic effect of any introduction of an exotic disease.     

关于推进水生动物防疫检疫工作的思考

水产品质量的安全和卫生,与水生动物疫病的发生、传播密切相关,本文介绍了开展水生动物防疫检疫工作的重要性,阐述了该工作的对象、职责和目标,并对今后开展水生动物防疫检疫工作提出了建议.     

动物检验检疫对食品安全作用的探讨

改革开放以来,我国的畜牧养殖业发展迅速,养殖的规模越来越大,对推动经济发展、促进食品生产加工繁荣起到了非常重要的促进作用。但与此同时,畜牧养殖过程中也会因为技术、环境或人为等因素的影响而导致养殖的动物感染疫病,不仅会给养殖管理增加了难度与工作量,还会因为动物疫病的隐藏性、传染性,以及检验检疫过程中出现的疏漏,给下游的食品生产加工质量带来直接影响,进而影响消费者的身体健康。所以,加强对动物养殖生产环节的检验检疫力度与质量,是保证食品源头安全的重要手段。     

论建立中国会计模式的原则

所谓建立会计模式的原则,是指构建、发展、调整会计模式时所遵循的依据。与其他国家相比,中国有自己的政治、经济、社会、文化结构,所有这些因素都必然对中国建立会计模式的原则产生直接或间接的影响。根据1995年财政部发布《会计改革纲要》提出的总目标,中国建立会计模式的基本原则是：适应社会主义市场经济的发展和完善,服从宏观经济目标的实现,服务各项经济政策的执行。     

Quota Reforms in Australian Agriculture

This short paper reviews the Australian experience in reforming quotas on fluid milk, tobacco and laying hens. In these industries, quotas in at least some Australian states have been eliminated, but in every case the transition has entailed substantial compensation to at least some of the producers affected adversely by the change and the new policy has not always been afree market. Notably, the states having the greatest comparative advantage within Australia were the first to eliminate quotas on laying hens and fluid milk.
L'auteur passe brièvement en revue l'expérience australienne dans les processus de réforme des contingents sur le lait de consommation, sur le tabac et sur les poules de ponte. Dans ces secteurs, les contingents ont étééliminés dans au mains quelques États, mais au prix de compensations substantielles versées à un certain nombre de producteurs que les changements avaient mis en mauvaise posture et le nouveau régime n'a pas toujours fonctionné en marché libre. Il est remarquable de noter que les États australiens jouissant de plus grands avantages comparatifs par rapport aux autres ont été les premiers àéliminer le contingentement des poulaillers de ponte et du lait de consommation.     

中国对日食品出口影响因素分析——以日本农药残留检疫制度转变为例

本文主要是从影响中国对日食品出口的主要因素分析入手,通过建立中国对日食品出口模型来预测日本残留农药检疫制度从否定列表制度向肯定列表制度的转变可能对中国输日食品产生的影响。模拟方案的结果显示:如果忽略日本国内的需求因素的影响,日本制度转变可能导致2006年中国对日食品出口出现295.87~581.44亿日元的损失;如果考虑日本国内的需求因素,2006年中国对日食品出口还是有可能出现11.72%的增长。     

Principles of Dynamic Optimization in Resource Management

The type of resource problem amenable to static analysis is distinguished from that requiring dynamic analysis. Possibly due to the apparent complexity of optimal control theory methods, often dynamic models have not been applied where they would be appropriate. In this article dynamic programming arguments are used to derive optimality conditions directly and simply. They are derived for a renewable resource such as a fishery, but they have application to resource management in general. The approach is illustrated by examples to the extraction of a depletable resource, to feeding for weight gain, and to applying fertilizer when some fertilizer carriers over from one crop season to another. Conditions for the optimal replacement of biological units are also considered.     

Valuing quality attributes of Australian merino wool

We measure the relationship between clean prices of individual lots of wool sold at auction and a range of characteristics of the raw wool. Based on the data for 111,440 fleece lots sold in the 2008–2009 auction season, five hedonic models are estimated to determine the premiums and discounts associated with each wool characteristic in five micron categories. Several wool characteristics exhibited significant nonlinear relationships, and therefore, joint density functions were assessed where appropriate. The results indicate that fibre diameter has the greatest influence on price in all markets. Brand contamination, higher levels of unscourable colour and vegetable matter contamination were found to negatively influence price.     

Risk premia in Australian interest rates

The level of and movements in interest rates and the exchange rate can have a substantial impact on the economic performance of Australia's primary industries. Whether a country and/or exchange risk premium has resulted in higher interest rates and increased volatility in the exchange rate is therefore important to these industries. There is some evidence that a small country risk premium may have emerged during the early 1990s. In line with earlier studies, however, no evidence was found of such a premium during the 1980s. A further finding is that any exchange risk premium may have declined over the last decade or so. Possible links between risk premia and Australia's foreign debt and current account deficits are also examined.     

The return to Australian fine wine

This paper uses auction data and the adjacent period hedonicprice regression approach to estimate the return to storingpremium Australian wine during the period 1989Q4 to 2000Q4.The results indicate that the return to storing premium Australianwine is probably superior to the return to Bordeaux wine. Therisk-return profile of premium Australian wine is shown to bebroadly comparable to that of Australian equities.     

Australian quarantine post the Nairn Review

The Commonwealth government has accepted the basic tenets of the report of the Australian Quarantine Review (the 'Nairn Review'), except for the recommendations to establish a statutory authority. Australia will maintain its existing high standards of quarantine and enhance activities such as community awareness, manageable risk (based on science), protection of Australia's unique environment, external input to policy formulation, and recognition of the continuum of quarantine (pre-border, border and post-border). Greater emphasis will be given to improved consultation in risk analysis, increased monitoring for pests and diseases, and enhanced national preparedness and response capacity (especially for plants and aquatic animals).     

澳大利亚、新西兰动植物卫生检疫与食品安全标准体系 --经验和对我国的启示

1994年乌拉圭多边贸易协议，使得各成员国在农产品贸易中的关税和非关税贸易壁垒的保护程度下降，而利用技术性贸易壁垒和动植物卫生检疫措施来实现贸易保护则成为限制贸易的主要形式。本文介绍在WTO框架下，澳大利亚、新西兰如何构建食品安全标准、动植物卫生检疫和风险评估体系，探讨澳大利亚如何根据WTO有关规则解决贸易争端；文章最后讨论了澳大利亚、新西兰的经验对完善我国、动植物卫生检疫和食品安全标准体系的启示。     

发展低碳产业政府行为分析

从"低碳经济"一词的出现引申出低碳产业作为新的发展模式。而且不断挖掘在发展低碳产业的进程中政府不可忽视的推动作用,着重从政府行为的责任与压力和政府行为的方式两个方面分析促进低碳产业发展中政府所扮演的角色,提出了中国发展低碳经济过程中政府应积极促进建筑材料市场的低碳化转变,鼓励服务业的低碳化发展,提倡低碳技术与城市交通工具的有效结合等策略。     

The efficiency of the Australian dairy processing industry

In this article we analyse trends in the economic performance of the dairy processing industry and evaluate the link between these trends and the deregulation of the industry. Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis to derive Malmquist total factor productivity estimates, we show that the industry exhibits a relatively high level of technical efficiency. Victoria, the major producing state, has been effectively on the frontier over the period studied. In recent years, the rapid expansion in capital investment that has attended the shift towards deregulation, has been accompanied by an apparent slowdown in both productivity growth and technical progress. There is also evidence of a convergence in productivity levels across states.     

An analysis of the Western Australian gold royalty

This article analyses the modified form of ad valorem royalty recently announced by the WA government in relation to gold production, which features a threshold price below which there is no tax liability and compares this royalty with a profit-based royalty. The level at which the threshold price is set plays an important role in determining the performance of the royalty in relation to its impact on production and the expected level and variability of tax revenue. It is argued that the higher this price is set, the stronger the grounds for preferring a profit-based royalty, even taking into account the reliability of each form for generating tax revenue.     

Principles of partnership schemes: Theory and practice

Summary

The paper assesses the dominant influences in partnership schemes for town centre redevelopment. The analysis of policy development in the public and private sectors is drawn together into an interorganizational framework, stressing joint approaches to action. Much development activity requires co‐operation by the public and private sectors, and the principal areas examined are the procedures adopted to implement partnerships, the linkages used and the actors involved at each stage. Original research was undertaken, notably case studies of Newcastle, Droitwich and Solihull. These investigations illustrate the diversity of working relationships, wherein individual responsibilities are directed towards collective action, and proper communication between development partners is essential. Although partnership operation is partly dependent on a reticulist who can co‐ordinate and initiate action, the most important aspects are the established procedures, which offer little opportunity for innovation, and the attitude of individual actors, which tends to reinforce current thinking rather than challenge it. Among those influences with an external origin, finance and politics have the greatest impact. Nevertheless, decision taking still operates in an ad hoc way, responding only as issues arise and thus contributing to the incremental development of policy and the maintenance of the status quo within the land market.     

Elasticity of demand for Australian cotton in Japan

Although a relatively small producer, Australia exports more than 90 per cent of its cotton production, making it the world's third largest cotton exporter in recent years. This means that export performance plays a major role in determining the profitability of the Australian cotton industry. The primary aim of this study was to determine the competitive position of Australian cotton in the Japanese market, based on the original non-linear Almost Ideal Demand System model using data from 1972 to 1998. The main findings are that the USA had a relatively strong market position and that Australia needs to improve its cost competitiveness and quality image to advance its market standing.     

东北地区草地生物多样性保护原则与内容初探

根据我国东北草地的自然状况,生物多样性的现状,从生态系统,物种和基因三个水平就如何保护这里的草地资源生物多样性提出了建议性意见,保护的范围,原则,方法及指标等。