New Zealand's Economic Reforms: An assessment

New Zealand's economic policy between 1984 and 1996 is often hailed as an example of comprehensive supply-side reform that successfully improved the performance of a weak economy. In contrast, this paper presents statistical evidence to show that: (1) New Zealand sacrificed a large volume of real per capita gross domestic product after 1987; (2) its average unemployment rate increased substantially after 1988; (3) labour productivity growth declined after 1992; and (4) the per capita real income of low-income households in 1996 was more than 3% lower in absolute terms than it had been in 1984. The paper concludes that the economic reform programme did not achieve the objectives expected at its launch.     

资源约束与中国经济发展

本文从中国经济转轨实践出发,把中国的发展约束分成体制约束和资源约束两类.比较起来,在中国和平崛起的过程中,资源约束问题更加值得关注.本文指出,在需求膨胀和效率损失的双重作用下,中国资源约束的表现形式已经从流量约束迅速转化为存量约束,对此,应在保障需求与开放系统思路下,从公共政策研究入手加强有关政策体系建设.     

Structure of Financial Savings During Indian Economic Reforms

This paper conducts nonparametric tests to examine whether data on financial savings in India can be rationalized in terms of a utility function of a representative economic agent. The nonparametric test has an advantage over its parametric counterpart in that it does not assume the existence of a utility function per se and checks whether the representative consumer’s demand structure can at all be rationalized by a utility function. Our test results of the necessary and sufficient conditions of the weak separability hypothesis suggest that data on financial savings in India are consistent with the existence of a utility function for a representative individual with a sub-preference where contractual savings (insurance and provident funds) can be separated out. This result could facilitate the construction of a suitable financial aggregate using these assets.     

Testing for the Presence of a Tremble in Economic Experiments

The classical trinity of tests is used to check for the presence of a tremble in economic experiments in which the response variable is binary. A tremble is said to occur when an agent makes a decision completely at random, without regard to the values taken by the explanatory variables. The properties of the tests are discussed, and an extension of the methodology is used to test for the presence of a tremble in binary panel data from a well-known economic experiment.     

Policy Uncertainty and Economic Reforms in a Monetary Union

Abstract. The paper analyzes the relation between monetary uncertainty and government incentives to implement economic reforms in order to reduce structural distortions and make economies more flexible. It is shown that uncertainty about the central bank's behavior leads to more reforms. I relate this result to the debate about central bank structure in a larger European monetary union.     

能源与环境约束下的经济增长

本文通过协整分析和脉冲响应函数分析了GDP、能源消费量增长和环境污染之间的关系,发现三者之间存在长期稳定的关系,GDP和能源消费量增长是环境恶化的成因,并进一步分析了它们之间长短期内所存在的均衡关系.     

市场化改革与经济法治的期待

我国改革开放推行的市场化道路,催生了经济法学的发展与繁荣。转型期社会经济发展的断裂状态为经济法的制度竞争力发挥造就了现实的空间,而渐进性的改革又决定了经济宪政目标与经济法治秩序构建的艰巨性与长期性。     

Economic Reforms,Social Policy,and the Family Economy in Chile

Chile's long tradition of welfare programs included “generous” benefits for many working women. The social security system, however, perpetuated significant forms of gender and class inequality. In the 1970s and 1980s, poverty was greatly increased by sweeping market reforms. The military government responded to the high social costs with a minimal safety net which targeted expectant mothers, small children and the extremely poor, but was inadequate for most of the population. After the return of democracy, income distribution has improved in the 1990s. Yet, much needs to be done to promote family well-being through effective and participatory social policies.     

总体经济体制改革及其方法论意义

经济体制改革是一项十分复杂的系统工程,包括国有企业改革、市场体系建设、财税金融、投资体制、分配与社会保障制度改革等诸方面的具体改革项目。经过2 0多年的积极探索,各项改革都取得了较大进展,社会主义市场经济体制初步建立,公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经     

基于零售商垄断势力的纵向约束--一个经济分析框架

基于零售商垄断势力的纵向约束成为近年来西方国家反垄断司法实践所关注的焦点之一,然而现有的文献对于零售商拥有更大垄断势力的情形较少涉及.本文通过构建基于零售商垄断势力的纵向约束的经济分析框架,试图对传统产业组织理论主要针对生产商垄断势力的研究框架进行一定的补充,并对我国反垄断法的制定提出一些建议.     

Economic Reforms in Socialist Economics: A Comment on Petr

Abstract:

The pre-WWII approaches to trade unions were mainly based on the theoretical and methodological viewpoints of early institutional economics. Trade unions were conceived of as politico-economic organizations whose members were motivated by relative comparisons, and also were concerned with issues of equity and justice. In the post-war period, there was a major theoretical and methodological shift toward the idea of unions as optimizing economic units with well-defined objective functions, which are optimized subject to purely economic constraints. This conceptual transformation took place mainly through the Dunlop -Ross debate, in which John Dunlop conceived of unions as analogous to business firms, as opposed to Arthur Ross’s institutional and political approach. However, after decades of analytical developments, the current state of trade union theory has not produced very impressive theoretical results. We trace the historical development of the economic analysis of trade unions from a methodological perspective. We also examine the methodological reasons for the dominance of Dunlop’s approach, and the current state of – and the contemporary criticism toward – the established theory. Furthermore, we discuss the contemporary efforts to build a more comprehensive approach to trade union theory and trade union objectives, also incorporating Ross’s institutional and political insights.     

资源约束下的经济增长效率分析

自然资源是否在长期存在着对经济增长的制约,这在理论界形成了两种截然不同的观点。文章以微观经济理论的分析工具对资源约束、资源价格与经济增长的关系作了理论上的分析。指出在既定的自然资源储量水平,以及资源价格扭曲的条件下,经济的长期增长必然会受到制约。并在此基础上,提出了实现经济持续有效增长的途径。     

经济转型中的制度移植与非正式制度约束

经济转型的实践表明,制度移植很大程度上取代了制度设计.而制度移植成功的关键在于制度创新,将移植来的正式制度形式与本土的非正式制度相融合.如果在经济转型过程中只关注目标制度的形式,而不关心其内涵,必然会与本土的非正式制度形成冲突,导致移植失灵,陷入制度陷阱.文章的主要观点通过对中国和俄罗斯制度创新模式的实证分析得到支撑.     

中国改革二十多年来的经济发展与贫困缩减

一、引　言邓小平在 1 978年提出农业改革时 ,中国农村人口中有超过 3 / 4的人生活在贫困中 ①。中国改革重要的政策目标之一是提高人民的生活水平。到 2 0世纪末 ,中国基本上没有人再受饥饿和营养不良的折磨。在过去的 2 0多年来 ,中国的国内生产总值 (ＧＤＰ)增加了 4倍。实际人均可支配收入在城市增加超过 3倍 ,农村增加将近 4倍 ②。按照官方统计数据 ,1 978年到 1 995年间 ,生活在贫困中的人口减少了逾 2亿。到 1 995年 ,以 1 990年的价格计算 ,大约还有 70 0 0万人达不到官方贫困线 3 1 8元的人均年收入③ 。用参数法和非参数法对农村…     

增长的政治经济逻辑：政府分权与激励的视角

政府分权是实现我国增长的重要制度安排。本文以中央与地方政府、地方政府与微观主体分权为逻辑起点,以制度-结构-行为-绩效为分析框架,从激励与约束的视角研究地方政府行为。研究认为,在分权激励下,地方会展开“中国式的政府竞争”,并过多的保护资本,而忽视劳动力、土地、环境等要素的产权。非均衡的产权制度在经济发展前期能够实现公众与地方政府的共容利益。随外在约束条件的不断变化,在原有的激励模式下,“包容性增长”被“排斥性增长”所替代。在缺乏公众的约束下,地方政府带来激励偏差会加大。因此,作对地方政府的激励是转变经济发展方式的关键。     

Economic Growth and Political Regimes

The absence of continuous regime type measures that focus on institutions rather than outcomes besets studies on whether democratic or authoritarian regimes grow faster. Additional shortcomings include the failure to consider development stages and the erroneous endogenous specification of regimes. Given panel data on 105 countries from 1960 to 1989, the effective party/constitutional framework measure does not correlate with growth or investment in the total sample. But considering development levels, some evidence indicates that discretion decreases growth in advanced areas, and, contrary to theory, inhibits investment in poorer countries. Also, single-party dictatorships have higher investment ratios but do not grow faster than party-less regimes.     

东亚经济发展的政治因素分析

本文在简介有关东亚国家和地区经济发展原因的几种观点的基础上,分析了东亚国家和地区经济发展的政治因素的作用,主要包括政府与市场、政治稳定、政府权威、政府能力以及政治、经济和文化资源的有效整合等。     

Political Entrepreneurship and the Democratic Allocation of Economic Resources

Political entrepreneurship occurs when an individual acts on a political profit opportunity. These profit opportunities can be divided into two categories: productive, and predatory. Productive opportunities enable entrepreneurs to profit from enhancing the efficiency of government, while predatory opportunities enable entrepreneurs to profit from forcibly transferring resources from some to others. This analysis shows that political institutions tend to favor predatory over productive political entrepreneurship, and shows that what is sometimes referred to as political exchange does not have the same efficiency characteristics as voluntary exchange in private markets.