Who Will Feed China in the 21st Century? Income Growth and Food Demand and Supply in China

This study uses resource‐based measures to explore the evolution of China's demand and supply for food. China's dietary shift from plant to animal‐based foods, induced by its income growth, is likely to impose considerable pressure on agricultural resources. China's demand for food on this measure appears consistent with global trends, while China is an out‐performer on the supply side, producing much more food than its income level and land endowment would predict. China's current per capita income is in a range where consumption growth is high and in excess of production growth, but the gap between supply and demand is likely to diminish as population and per capita consumption growth decelerate. Continuing agricultural productivity growth and sustainable resource management will be important influences on the growth of China's future net import demand for food.     

新一轮国际粮食价格上涨：原因及对中国市场的影响

[目的]随着中国粮食进口不断增加,国内外市场联系越来越紧密。2020年下半年以来,国际市场粮食价格快速上涨,对国内粮食市场产生一定影响,分析国际市场价格上涨的原因和影响对确保国内粮食供应稳定、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。[方法]文章分析了2019年以来小麦、大米、玉米、大豆4种粮食产品的国内外价格走势,从供需状况、贸易政策、气候变化等因素分析国际市场价格波动的原因,并探讨了国际价格对国内价格的影响。[结果]当前全球主要粮食品种供应充足,库存仍处于较高水平,此轮国际粮食价格上涨主要是受到美国等发达国家宽松的货币政策以及疫情后全球消费逐步回暖的影响;但国际市场价格上涨对中国市场的影响总体有限,国内小麦、大米、玉米价格上涨的主因是国内消费回暖和生猪产能恢复带动的饲用需求快速增长,油用大豆受国际市场的影响较大。[结论]为稳定国内粮食市场,避免国际市场的冲击,中国要进一步提升粮食综合生产能力,强化科技支撑,加强粮食储备管理,健全政策支持体系,并引导居民建立科学的消费观念。     

China's agriculture,smallholders and trade: driven by the livestock revolution?*

China's sustained rapid economic growth and development has contributed to the surge in consumption and production of livestock in that country  termed the livestock revolution. Consumption trends are first reviewed, and changes in food consumption patterns include a marked shift away from grains and towards meats and dairy products. A question is to what extent this rapid increase in demand for livestock products is reflected in China's agri‐food trade statistics? While her agri‐food imports have dramatically increased since China's accession to the WTO, livestock products have not made a noticeable contribution, although the import of certain animal feedstuffs has. This implies China's continuing self‐sufficiency in most livestock products. The paper next considers developments in China's livestock farming sector and policies that have been contributing to these supply‐side developments. The paper concludes with an examination of issues that may be important to the future development of China's, and the world's, livestock situation;  this includes future demand developments, and the question of whether future demand growth in China might be met with local production, imports of final product, and/or imports of feedstuffs.     

Tariff quota administration in China's grain markets: An empirical assessment

In 2016, the U.S. launched a trade dispute against China at the World Trade Organization, arguing that China has been restricting its grain imports via tariff quota administration. Despite sharp criticisms by the U.S., the extent to which the grain imports were restricted in China remains largely unknown, primarily due to that China's grain import behaviors are still under-researched. The U.S. grain export sector might actually gain little from China's grain trade liberalization in the short run, since China has become less import dependent on the U.S. through the pursuit of import diversification. In this context, this article aims to quantify impacts of the tariff quota administration on China's grain imports from its trading partners. We calculate ad valorem tariff equivalents of the tariff quota administration and then estimate import demand elasticities using a source differentiated import demand model. We find that the tariff quota administration might have reduced China's quota fill rates for the grain commodities by 10–35% during 2013–2017. In particular, the U.S. wheat exports to China were largely negatively affected. We also find that the tariff quota administration in China acts like a variable import levy—its import restrictiveness varies negatively with world prices, leading to lower import demand elasticities.     

Fighting global food price rises in the developing world: the response of China and its effect on domestic and world markets

This article addresses how China is being affected by and is responding to the world food crisis. So far, Chinese officials have responded to higher world prices by drawing down stocks and limiting exports of major grains. These policy instruments were not available for soybeans, so domestic prices of soy and other oilseeds have risen with international prices. Using a global CGE model, we show that the initial world price rise was largely due to higher world oil prices and demand for biofuels as opposed to other factors, especially in maize and soybeans. China's response to this shock has kept domestic grain prices low relative to world grain markets and to domestic soybean prices. As grain stocks are depleted, however, demand growth will push domestic prices back into alignment. Anticipating this pressure on consumers and accelerating supply response through public investment will facilitate adjustment.     

基于Rotterdam模型的中国热带农产品进口市场格局研究

[目的]为把握热带农产品进口市场格局和供给效率,对中国热带农产品进口的市场竞争关系进行研究。[方法]文章基于1992—2020年中国热带农产品进口贸易数据,以木薯、天然橡胶、咖啡和胡椒为研究对象,运用Rotterdam模型估计测算这4种热带农产品进口市场各来源国的进口需求弹性,实证分析中国热带农产品进口市场格局。[结果]（1）中国热带农产品的进口来源较为集中,对泰国、越南、印度尼西亚、马来西亚等东盟国家的进口依赖程度相对较高;（2）木薯主要来源国之间的竞争性不强,中国对木薯有稳定的进口需求和进口来源地;（3）天然橡胶、咖啡和胡椒的进口来源国之间呈现出不同程度的市场竞争关系;（4）未来中国热带农产品进口需求对东盟国家依赖将进一步加深。[结论]中国应充分把握双边贸易关系,重新审视并完善与东盟国家及地区农业国际合作战略,不断促进热带农产品进口来源地和贸易渠道的多元化,以保障热带农产品贸易安全。     

新时代下的中国粮食安全：意义、挑战和对策

[目的]粮食安全始终是治国理政的头等大事。加深认识新时代下粮食安全的新意义,高度重视现阶段我国粮食安全面临的新挑战,并采取有效的应对之策,对于确保新形势下国家粮食安全极为必要。[方法]文章在总结我国粮食安全取得的成就的基础上,基于对新时代下我国粮食安全新意义及新挑战的全面分析,提出确保国家粮食安全的对策建议。[结果]新时代下,粮食安全对支撑国民经济发展,有效解决社会主要矛盾,保障涉粮产业安全乃至国家安全的意义愈加凸显。同时,我国粮食安全也面临资源环境承载力不堪重负、供需区域格局明显失衡、种粮效益整体下滑、"两个市场"粮食供给体系建设存在明显不足等新挑战。[结论]建议做到"六个统筹",即统筹口粮安全与食物总体安全、统筹粮食安全与涉粮产业发展安全、统筹国内国外两种资源与两个市场、统筹主产区与非主产区粮食发展、统筹国内农业保护与国内农产品市场的对外开放、统筹供给与储备调节能力建设。     

农业产出增长的结构分解及与服务业融合发展研究

目的 在加快推进农业现代化的背景下,研究农业产出增长分解及其与服务业产业融合,对深入推进农业结构性改革以及加快培育农业农村发展新动能具有重要意义。方法 文章以2007年、2012年和2017年中国地区投入产出表中数据为研究样本,通过核密度分析、结构分解分析与归因矩阵分析,考察农业产出的动态变迁,分解产出增长的主要因素,量化农业与服务业产业融合状况。结果 （1）我国农业整体呈现产出增长与区域布局调整的动态趋势,农业产出增长的主要动力由各省份的内部需求扩张效应转变为国内需求扩张效应;（2）技术水平变化对西部省份农业产出的增长作用显著;（3）出口扩张效应并不显著,最终产品与中间产品的外部流入对我国农业增长的挤出作用扩大;（4）农业与服务业产业融合主要体现在需求侧融合,仍需加强农业与服务业供给侧融合。结论 促进农业供给适应需求变化,进一步优化农业区域布局,加快发展农业生产性服务业,塑造参与农业国际合作竞争新优势。     

水资源安全视角下我国粮油虚拟水贸易实证研究

[目的]通过测算我国粮油虚拟水进出口量,估算粮油虚拟水贸易对农业用水的贡献率,以期为我国实施农产品虚拟水贸易战略缓解农业用水短缺问题提供有益借鉴。[方法]文章利用标准彭曼公式估算2001—2017年我国粮油单位质量虚拟水含量,进而计算出2001—2017年我国粮油虚拟水进出口量,进一步计算我国粮油虚拟水贸易对农业用水的贡献率。[结果](1)我国粮油单位质量虚拟水平均含量由高到低依次为棉籽、大豆、油菜籽、花生、大米、小麦和玉米;(2) 2001—2017年我国粮油虚拟水贸易一直处于净进口状态,并且净进口量整体呈增长趋势,2001—2017年我国粮油虚拟水净进口量累计达2.216万亿m3,相当于节约了同等数量粮油生产用水量;(3)我国油料虚拟水净进口量远远高于粮食虚拟水净进口量,大豆和油菜籽是虚拟水净进口最多的油料,并且其进口市场集中度很高;(4) 2001—2017年我国粮油虚拟水贸易对农业用水的贡献率不断提高,由8%增至40%。[结论]虚拟水贸易大大节约了我国农业用水量,在一定程度上缓解了我国农业用水短缺问题,为我国节约水资源和实施水资源可持续发展战略提供了新的发展思路。     

2021—2025年我国马铃薯产业高质量发展战略路径

[目的]我国农业发展正处于从数量扩张主导向质量提升主导迈进的转型期,马铃薯作为我国重要粮食作物,在过去40多年发展成绩斐然,高质量发展也是其未来转型升级的必然趋势。[方法]文章运用数据分析与文献研究相结合的方法,对马铃薯产业高质量发展的动因进行了辨析,并从生产、技术、比较收益、空间格局、消费、供求和贸易这七个方面对我国马铃薯产业发展历程进行了系统性回顾。[结果]我国马铃薯产业面临国际环境变化、发展理念革新、资源环境约束趋紧、生产成本上涨、机械化需求增加、产业链不完整和消费潜力增大这七个方面的挑战。基于高质量发展的“产品高品质、生产高效率、产业高安全和经济高价值”的目标导向,提出实施以技术体系、生产体系、产业体系、经营体系和政策体系为核心的马铃薯产业高质量发展战略。[结论]应从科学谋划马铃薯产业高质量发展蓝图、探索建立马铃薯产业高质量发展示范基地、推进马铃薯产业机械化、智能化和绿色化、畅通马铃薯生产端与消费端等方面着手有序推进马铃薯产业高质量发展,力争在2021—2025年期间实现马铃薯产业全面转型升级。     

China's changing diet and its impacts on greenhouse gas emissions: an index decomposition analysis

With increasing awareness of agriculture's contribution to global greenhouse gases (GHGs) and China's position as the world's top GHG emitter, there is heightened attention to the embodied emissions in China's food consumption. China's diet has shifted to include more fruit, vegetables, meat and dairy. Not surprisingly, GHG emissions from food consumption have also increased substantially. This analysis links China's food consumption with the emissions of food production industries in China and its trade partners to determine the effects of dietary change on GHGs since 1989. We utilise high‐resolution food production and emissions data to perform a logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition to attribute changes in GHG emissions to the scale, supply structure, demand structure and efficiency effects resulting from Chinese dietary changes over a 20‐year period. This study finds that while countries supplying food to China contribute little to China's food‐related GHGs, demands for meat and dairy play a much larger role, driving up emissions. The overall scale of increased consumption of all food further propels growth in GHG emissions. Results indicate, however, that while food consumption in China more than doubles between 1989 and 2009 improvements in technological efficiency limit the rate of increase.     

中国粮食虚拟水驱动效应与空间联动分析

以中国粮食虚拟水为主要研究对象,运用LMDI指数分解法,对粮食生产用水量的驱动效应进行分解,从结构、粮食产量、经济发展和人口规模4个重点驱动效应方面实行量化研究,并利用geoda软件求得莫兰指数,分析粮食用水量的空间相关性以及其各种驱动效应在省际间的影响,并针对中国粮食生产用水的现状提出建议。     

中国农业供给侧结构性改革探讨

[目的]推进农业供给侧结构性改革,是解决我国农业主要矛盾,实现农业现代化的重要举措,该研究旨在寻找我国农业供给侧存在的问题,针对问题提出供给侧改革的思路和政策措施。[方法]文章运用供求平衡分析的方法,将我国农产品产量与平衡膳食条件下我国农产品需求量进行比较,进而确定我国农业供给侧存在问题。[结果]目前我国农业供给侧主要存在"三个过剩、两个不足":玉米生产过剩;蔬菜生产隐性过剩;畜禽肉类生产阶段性过剩;高品质农产品供应不足;国产蛋白饲料和奶类等农产品供应不足。[结论]该文据此提出了"蓄产能、调结构、控产量、提质量"的供给侧改革总体思路以及加强农业生产预警和宏观调控、推进农产品目标价格改革、加强市场环境和农产品品牌建设、设定大豆进口规模上限等建议,推动我国农业供给侧结构性改革。     

Do state-owned enterprises benefit more from China's cereal grain tariff-rate quota regime?

In 2016, the United States launched a formal dispute with the World Trade Organization (WTO) concerning China's wheat, corn, and rice tariff-rate quota (TRQs) administration. A formal panel was requested in August 2017, with several major grain exporters, including Canada, joining as third-party members. This study employs two unique micro-level datasets to investigate the role of state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises’ (SOE and non-SOE, respectively) in China's agricultural imports. Results suggest that SOEs are noticeably more active in importing quota-bound commodities compared to quota-free imported commodities. Moreover, the larger role of SOEs in China's cereal grain imports is negatively correlated with China's food security targets, as measured by estimated prior year stocks-to-use ratios. Conversely, above average food security targets in China's cereal grain market leads to an important extensive margin adjustment of non-SOE import participation. Finally, we find very little compelling evidence that China's September reallocation of unused TRQ has any economic or statistically significant impact on non-SOE entry into importing or the intensity with which their imports occur.     

防止玉米成为“第二个大豆”的战略研究——从产业之囿到破局之策

目的 2020年以来，中国玉米市场发生深刻变化，呈现进口首次突破配额、进口市场更加集中、进口规模增长间隔短和价格创记录4个特点；从长期看，中国玉米供应偏紧、价格倒挂，以及进口量增加难以逆转，玉米正在呈现大豆的苗头性迹象。文章旨在宏观研判玉米发展成为“第二个大豆”的可能性，并从战略布局予以防止。方法 从多方面对比了中国玉米产业和大豆产业特征的异同，为回答玉米是否会成为“第二个大豆”这一问题提供了多角度证据。结果 玉米产业形势相对乐观，不会成为“第二个大豆”，但玉米产业自身的发展特性和中国玉米产业现存的困境不容忽视。结论 科学把控，系统谋划，综合施策，从种植结构调整、良种攻关、全程机械化、优势玉米带建设、烘干设施、“走出去”六大工程着手，解决玉米产业技术装备相对落后、竞争力弱、需求增速快等难题，从战略上防止玉米成为第二个大豆。     

Policy reform and farmers' wheat allocation in rural China: a case study*

Market‐oriented policy reforms often have important effects on farm‐level grain production and utilisation decisions in developing countries. China's grain farmers are of particular interest because of China's importance in world grain markets and because of China's recent major agricultural policy advances and retrenchments. An empirical evaluation of market liberalisation among farmers located in two provinces in China on farm‐level wheat consumption, market sales and on‐farm storage during 1994 is presented. The results indicate that policymakers should account for such changes in farm household behaviour in designing and assessing the consequence of market liberalisation programs for agricultural sectors in developing countries.     

Cointegration in China's log import demand: Price endogeneity and structural change

The monthly data of China's log import from January 2000 to December 2013 are used to estimate the import demand elasticities, with the consideration of possible price endogeneity due to China's large share of the international log market, and structural break caused by global financial crisis in 2008. To address the possible structural break, cointegration tests allowing for a deterministic shift in the level of the variables are employed, and a two-stage estimation with top-down sequential elimination algorithm is performed on the restricted subset VECM. The results demonstrate that there exists a long-run cointegration relationship between China's log import and the explanatory variables. The import elasticities of macroeconomic development and import price are around 0.76 and −0.81, respectively. Other things being equal, the structural break would induce a 29.6% decline in China's log import. All the above parameters are significant at the 1% risk level. Furthermore, the contribution decomposition analysis suggests that China's macroeconomic development plays a dominant role in determining its log import, which implies that China's log import would not increase as quickly as before, given that its economy is shifting into the “New Normal State”. This conjecture is supported by our simulations, which indicate that, by 2020, the growth rate of China's log import will be lower than it has been in the past and the import volume would be approximately 1.1–1.6 times greater compared to imports in 2013.     

农业高质量发展空间布局研究

目的 优化农业空间布局是构建发展新格局、推进农业高质量发展的重要内容，也是保障国家粮食及其他重要农产品供给安全的重要支撑。方法 文章以高质量发展理念为指导，运用数据分析与文献研究相结合的方法，系统分析我国农业空间格局的现状、历史演变和存在问题，阐明农业高质量发展的核心要义，构建农业高质量发展空间格局优化方案。结果 1978—2019年我国农业生产重心逐渐向北推进，土地密集型农产品北移和资金密集型农产品东移。未来我国农业发展在农产品供需、自然资源、生态环境、农产品生产、国际市场贸易等方面存在诸多不确定性和潜在风险。结论 基于高质量发展的“产品高品质、生产高效率、产业高安全和经济高价值”四大核心要义，综合考虑国家粮食安全、生态安全、配置效率和乡村振兴等因素，研究提出2035年全国“六区十一带”农业空间战略格局及其耕地保护利用格局方案与相关配套政策措施建议。     

破解水价改革难题的经济学分析

我国人多水少,水资源无偿和低价使用,利用效率和效益低下,加之水浪费、水污染严重,使得水资源供需矛盾成为我国经济社会发展的主要瓶颈。为解决水资源供需矛盾,必须加快水价改革,充分发挥市场配置水资源的决定性作用,通过实行用水计量收费和超额累进加价制度,在管理、供水、用水和排水等诸多环节建立激励约束机制,增强人们的节水动力,提高水资源利用效率和效益。     

市场化改革背景下我国玉米供给反应实证研究基于2008—2019年东北三省省级面板数据

目的 我国玉米供需形势变化需要国内玉米供给适时作出调整，通过分析玉米供给的影响因素及其背后的农户行为，为国家制定政策并引导农户根据市场需求调整玉米种植决策提出建议。方法 文章利用2008—2019年辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省省级玉米播种面积和出售价格的面板数据，加入替代作物比较效益和取消玉米临时收储政策虚拟变量，基于Nerlove 模型对玉米供给反应进行实证研究。结果 （1）东北地区玉米短期缺乏价格供给弹性，长期则富有弹性；（2）东北地区玉米播种面积短期内具有一定的刚性；（3）玉米与大豆、水稻的比较效益是影响东北地区农户玉米种植决策的重要因素；（4）取消玉米临时收储政策对东北地区玉米播种面积具有显著的负向影响。结论 短期内仅通过市场价格变化调整玉米供给能力有限，还需要一些配套支持政策及时引导农户调整种植决策；取消玉米临时收储政策后要加快建立优质优价机制，引导农户种植适应市场需求的玉米品种从而增加种粮收入；通过加大“两区”政策支持，将土地、资金、设备等生产要素向优势产区集中，提升优势产区产能。