我国彩电产业的价格竞争、价格战与产业绩效

一、彩电产业价格战诱因与动机的初步分析从 2 0世纪 80年代初期至 1 990年为止 ,我国彩色电视机产量和销量都获得了较大的增长。 1 985～ 1 990年 ,彩电产量与市场销量分别从 435 .3万台和 378.6万台增加到 1 0 33万台和980万台。随着国内彩电厂商生产规模的扩大 ,规模经济因素逐渐发挥作用 ,一些在成本结构上具有优势的企业为了更好地扩张规模 ,开始运用价格竞争手段。例如 ,四川长虹于 1 989年率先发起了价格战 ,这为行业领先企业迅速扩大市场份额提供了基础。不过 ,价格竞争在这一时期对业内企业带来的冲击力 ,被两个因素所大大缓解。一…     

Partial Ownership Arrangements and Collusion in the Automobile Industry

This paper develops a conjectural variation model that allows for partial ownership arrangements and foreign trade. This model is applied to the Japanese and US automobile industries. Although collusion is found to occur in the Japanese automobile industry, it is found to be more competitive than the US automobile industry. The effect imports have on firms' price–cost margins in both countries is also found to be different.     

Collusion Along the Learning Curve: Theory and Evidence From the Semiconductor Industry*

I study the effectiveness of collusion during an international cartel in DRAM, a type of semiconductor characterized by learning-by-doing and multiproduct competition. First, by exploiting time and firm-level variation in cartel activity, I estimate that cartel participants cut output more on the oldest product generation than on newer generations. This is consistent with a hypothesis that higher learning rates in newer generations make defection from collusive equilibria more attractive. Second, I formulate a test for defection from collusive equilibria in learning-by-doing industries. Third, I formalize these results in a theoretical framework and discuss implications for antitrust policy in high technology markets.     

规制分权化、组织合谋与制度效率--基于中国电力行业的实证研究

产业组织理论中关于规制合谋的研究分为芝加哥学派和图卢兹学派，研究结果均表明，规制机构与被规制企业之间的合谋行为降低了规制效率．降低了社会福利水平。文章主要研究中国当前规制分权化背景下的地方规制机构与被规制企业之间的合谋问题，并且用计量方法对规制的效果进行了检验．结果表明规制分权化没有显著的正面效应，即规制低效率。因此，规制分权化产生的合谋导致了规制低效率．而解决问题的关键是机制设计。     

战争阴影下艰难复苏的伊拉克石油工业

伊拉克拥有丰富的石油资源，石油工业的发展潜力巨大，对世界石油市场也有着重大的影响力。然而伊拉克近年来战事不断，严重阻碍了其石油工业的发展。尤其是伊拉克战争以来，伊国内动荡不安，其石油生产面临着诸多困难，但也为开展国际合作提供了良好的机遇。文章在对以上各方面进行分析的基础上，就加强中伊石油合作提出了建议。     

A Note on Elasticity and Price Dispersions in the Music Recording Industry

The present note examines price dispersions inthe music recording industry between new release andmid-line (older) recordings. The model employs theframework developed within the industrial economicsliterature and provides empirical results suggestingthat new release prices are lower than those ofmid-level recordings. This result follows fromdiffering buyer characteristics and varying levelsof close substitutes, leading to higher demandelasticities for new release recordings. Finally,the theoretical expectations should hold in thepresence of either significant scale economies ormodest minimum efficient scales of production.     

Competition and Price Discrimination: Evidence from the Parking Garage Industry

We study the relationship between competition and price discrimination through an empirical examination of hourly price schedules in the parking garage industry. We find that the degree of price schedule curvature decreases with competition, implying a greater proportionate drop in low‐end prices than in high‐end prices when competition intensifies. Our findings suggest that competition constrains a firm's capacity to exercise price discrimination, confirming the classic textbook theory. We also offer possible explanations for our findings, including a search cost explanation, for which we find some support in the data.     

资产价格波动与实体经济稳定研究

资产价格波动影响实体经济的程度与机制,一直备受关注。与国内其他相关研究相比,本文在样本选择上突出了资产价格波动影响消费和投资的针对性。通过构建引入资产价格的局部均衡分析模型和IS-LM扩展模型,本文采用现代时间序列分析的ADF检验、Granger因果检验、Johansen协整检验、VECM检验、脉冲响应函数和预测方差分解等多种方法进行研究,揭示了我国资产价格波动与实体经济稳定之间的相关性、因果关系、影响程度、影响过程和影响机制。     

A Holy Alliance: Collusion in the Renaissance Europe Alum Market

On June 11, 1470, representatives of Pope Paul II and Ferdinand, King of Naples concluded a cartel agreement to restrict competition in the sale of alum. The agreement was one element of a broader plan to monopolize the sale of alum throughout Christendom. We discuss the background of the cartel agreement and analyze its terms (which include arrangements to facilitate detection of and reduce the profitability of defection) and the constraints that limited, but did not eliminate, Rome’s ability to extract economic profit from the European alum market.     

Price Dispersion Over the Business Cycle: Evidence from the Airline Industry

This study provides empirical evidence documenting how price dispersion moves with the business cycle in the airline industry. Performing a fixed‐effects panel analysis on seventeen years of data covering two business cycles, we find that price dispersion is highly pro‐cyclical. This effect is especially pronounced for legacy carriers relative to low‐cost carriers. We show that our empirical result is consistent with firms' implementing second‐degree price‐discrimination tactics.     

Prices and Price Dispersion on the Web: Evidence from the Online Book Industry

Using data collected between August, 1999, and January, 2000, covering 399 books, we examine pricing by thirty-two online United States-based bookstores. At the aggregate level, we find that both advertising and competitive structure had the predicted effects. More competition led to lower prices and to lower price dispersion. Holding competitive structure constant, more widely advertised items also had lower prices. At the firm level, we observe considerable heterogeneity in behavior. Firms had differentiated (or attempted to differentiate) on dimensions such as brand, price, and selection.     

我国城市供水需求侧管理与水价体系研究

水资源的稀缺性使得水需求侧管理成为城市供水规制的重要内容。本文对水需求侧管理与水价体系的关系进行了实证的检验。结果表明,价格水平与价格结构均对人们的水需求产生了显著的影响。这意味着在我国水价体系可以作为水需求侧管理的主要手段以激励人们节约用水。本文进一步考察了水价的影响因素,并提出了水价体系改革的建议。     

Wars,foodcost and countervailing policies: A panel data approach

Withholding food or providing it during a conflict is vital for peace missions and challenges for building sustainable peace. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new perspective in considering the impact of wars on relative wages in the food sector. We define the foodcost as the share of wages paid to the food sector versus total manufacturing wages. We try to estimate the effect of two types of wars (namely, civil and international wars) on the foodcost and explore the policies that are likely to reduce that cost. We use panel data for 41 countries from 1960 to 1999 to answer these questions.     

Employment Growth and Stability under Profit-Sharing: A Longitudinal Study

This study tests the hypotheses that employment will increase and become more stable when firms replace traditional reward systems with a bifurcated approach incorporating profit-sharing. Time-series data for 443 publicly traded profit-sharing firms and a closely matched group of industry non-sharers were analysed before and after plan implementation. While there was evidence that profit-sharing generated short-term growth, little support emerged for its theorized effect on employment variability. Unlike previous reports, organizational size was more likely to influence the impact of share arrangements than was industry type.     

巴西电力工业和电价改革及对我国的启示

文章在简要叙述了巴西电力工业基本情况的基础上,分析了巴西电力体制改革的起因、改革的法制框架和电力市场模式,介绍了巴西各环节电价形成机制情况,最后提出了巴西有关改革对我国的借鉴意义.     

航天企业价格管理模式之我见

价格是产品价值的货币表现,产品价格的高低关系到一个企业的收入和利润水平,甚至关系到企业的生存和发展,因此,搞好价格管理工作至关重要。航天企业作为军工生产单位,其生产的特点决定了型号产品的价格管理模式具有其特殊性。过去,在我国经济实力不足的情况下,遵循“多研制,少生产”的方针,型号产品多为研制性产品,批量小;执行指令性计划,不存在价格问题。多年来,航天产品的价格只按工本费加5%利润计算,生产的垄断性使得企业不用担心价格补偿。其报价和批价均在生产后期,企业的价格管理工作比较粗放。随着经济体制改革的不断深入,军工企业生…     

Price policies and the SAM: A wheat-maize comparison

This article examines the historical development of Mexico's foodgrain policies and the events that led to the Sistema Allmenticio Mexicano (SAM). Government investment and support price policies are compared for the commercial and smallholder grain sectors. Analysis centres on the relatively favourable wheat policies, in contrast to those for maize. The prospects for success in developing the long-ignored peasant sector through SAM are assessed in the light of these past policies. It is concluded that, without profound structural change in Mexico's grain sectors, it will be consumers and commercial growers who will benefit most from SAM.     

Price and quantity experimentation: A synthesis

This paper compares experimentation about product differentiation in a linear setting under four market structures: quantity-setting and price-setting monopoly, Cournot and Bertrand duopoly. Quantity-setting firms always experiment by raising their quantities and the monopolist experiments relatively more than the duopolists. A price-setting monopolist does not experiment. The value of information to Bertrand duopolists may be positive or negative depending on the degree of product differentiation. When information is valuable, price-setting duopolists experiment by lowering prices. A numerical example indicates that the intensity of experimentation is higher in a Cournot duopoly than in a Bertrand duopoly.     

亚洲地区中东原油溢价问题探讨

由于中东的一些石油输出国对同一时间出口到不同地区的同一原油采用不同的计价公式,使得亚洲地区的主要石油进口国一直在为进口中东原油支付不合理的高价,而且与欧美地区相比,“亚洲溢价”呈现出逐渐增加的趋势。“亚洲溢价”损害了亚洲石油进口国的利益,越来越为亚洲石油进口国政府和石油消费者所关心。随着我国从中东进口的原油量的增加,“亚洲溢价”对我国的影响也越来越大。但是这个问题涉及政治、经济、历史、地缘等多种因素,需要亚洲各国民间和政府做出一致的长期努力。中国作为亚洲政治、经济大国,应该利用自己的优势,发挥更加积极的作用,促使中东有关产油国对改变现行原油作价机制引起高度重视。     

Retail Strategies on the Web: Price and Non–price Competition in the Online Book Industry

Two conflicting predictions have emerged regarding the effect of low–cost information on price. The first states that all Internet retailers will charge the same low price for mass produced goods. The second states that Internet retailers will differentiate to avoid intense price competition. Using data collected in April 1999 on the prices of 107 books in thirteen online and two physical bookstores, we find similar average prices online and in physical stores and substantial price dispersion online. Analysis of product differentiation yields no clear results. The substantial premium charged by Amazon provides indirect evidence of product differentiation.