圣彼得堡忆象

20 0 3年 5月下旬 ,俄罗斯的圣彼得堡市在迎来建城 30 0周年之际 ,聚集了全世界的目光 :全球 4 5个国家的国家元首或政府首脑应邀齐聚圣彼得堡 ,出席圣彼得堡自建城以来的第三个百年庆典。圣彼得堡始建于 1 70 3年。它坐落在波罗的海的芬兰湾东岸的涅瓦河口。昔日 ,那里曾是一片荒凉的沼泽地。 1 70 3年 ,俄罗斯获得宁尚茨堡战役大捷 ,并控制了整个涅瓦河流域 ,取得了波罗的海的出海口。为了加强对这一地区的防御 ,防备瑞典军队的进攻 ,并为控制波罗的海 ,使俄罗斯由内陆国家变为临海国家成为不可逆转的事实 ,彼得一世下令在涅瓦河口的兔子…     

A resolution of St. Petersburg paradox

The St. Petersburg paradox is the oldest paradox in decision theory and has played a pivotal role in the introduction of increasing concave utility functions embodying risk aversion and decreasing marginal utility of gains. All attempts to resolve it have considered some variants of the original set-up, but the original paradox has remained unresolved, while the proposed variants have introduced new complications and problems. Here a rigorous mathematical resolution of the St. Petersburg paradox is suggested based on a probabilistic approach to decision theory.     

On the Bicentenary in St. Petersburg of Jacob Bernoulli's Theorem

We focus on the Bicentenary (1913) celebrations, organised in St. Petersburg, Russia, by the great probabilist, A. A. Markov, founder of the theory of Markov chains. This theory was stimulated by the need to demonstrate a Law of Large Numbers for sums of dependent random variables. Markov's work on the Law of Large Numbers originating in the celebrations was exposited and extended by S. N. Bernstein and, in English, by J. V. Uspensky, who had played an integral part in the St. Petersburg celebrations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Law and Economics of Historic Preservation in St. Petersburg, Russia

St. Petersburg's architectural heritage makes it one of the most beautiful cities in Russia. However, as government subsidies continue to dwindle, the city is increasingly dependent upon private sources of financing to restore and preserve the many seriously deteriorated monuments and buildings. This article considers whether the economic and legal environment in St. Petersburg provides sufficient incentives for private investors to undertake historic rehabilitation projects. A pro forma model is used to analyze a developer's return on investment in new residential construction on the outskirts of the city versus rehabilitation of an historic residential building. The results show that the costs associated with historic preservation are significantly greater than for new construction and for a developer to make a reasonable rate of return on historic preservation the square meter price of residential space would be affordable by only a small segment of the population. Simultaneous changes to multiple legal and economic policies are recommended to encourage additional private investment in historic preservation.     

Transformation of Local Power Elites: the Institutionalization of Social Movements in St Petersburg

Starting from the elections of 1990, the renewal of St Petersburg's political elite has developed in two stages. During the first stage, activists of social movement organizations were established in the city representative body (institutionalization of social movements). In the second stage, authoritative bodies within the city Soviet were formed from the deputy corps (whose members we have identified as the elite). Having progressed from their role of challenging the institutionalized political process to participating in it, the new city political leadership at first followed the patterns of social movement behaviour. There has been, however, a shift in activity patterns and an estrangement from challenging groups. There is also evidence of a change in the concept of city authorities' functioning. The desire for a union of representative and executive power, typical of an initial introduction to politics, is giving way to recognition of the need for a division of power. But the admission of leaders of challenging social movements to city power structures has not entailed their conversion to the new city elite. Depuis les élections de 1990, le renouvellement des élites de Saint Pétersbourg s'est produit en deux étapes. Durant la première phase, les activistes des organisations de mouvements sociaux s'établirent dans le corps représentatif de la ville (l'institutionalisation des mouvements sociaux). Durant la deuxième phase, les organisations autoritaires de la ville furent formées par le corps des fondés de pouvoir (dont nous avons identifiés les membres comme étant l'élite). Ayant progressé de leur position de contestation du processus politique institutionaliséà celle de participant dans ce processus, les nouveaux dirigeants politiques de la ville suivirent, au début, le modèle de comportement du mouvement social. Il y a cependant eu un changement dans les types d'activités et un retrait des groupes contestataires. Il y a aussi des indications de changement dans les concepts de fonctionnement des autorités de la ville. Le désir d'unir les pouvoirs représentatifs et exécutifs, caractéristique d'une introduction initiale à la politique, cède la place à une reconnaissance qu'une division du pouvoir est nécessaire. Mais l'entrée des dirigeants des mouvements sociaux contestataires dans les structures du pouvoir de la ville n'a pas été suivie par leur transformation en nouvelles élites.     

Dirt: Symbolic and Practical Dimensions of Social Problems in St Petersburg

Our article deals with the representation of social problems by ordinary families in St Petersburg. We try to answer two questions: How are statements about social problems constructed? What are the citizens of St Petersburg referring to when they talk about social problems? Our material consists of loosely structured thematic interviews with 42 families in St Petersburg in 1993. The interviews were part of a joint Finnish-Russian study on living conditions, survival strategies, social problems and social networks in Russia. The title of our paper comes from the somewhat surprising observation that dirt and disorder in everyday life were the most frequently mentioned social problems. These and other statements made about social problems in present-day Russia are taken as examples of social constructs and it is argued that these privately produced claims should be conceived as part of the public claims-making process within the constructionist tradition. Instead of the traditional four-field (private/public intersecting with the symbolic/practical) scheme, however, we suggest a more complex ‘hexagon’ scheme, in order to emphasize that the speaker as a subject employs multiple identities (various conceptions of ‘me’ and ‘us’) simultaneously. The hexagon model enables us to analyse the scattered references to dirt in a unifying framework of concepts. In answer to the question of why dirt is perceived to be such an important social problem for the citizens of St Petersburg it is concluded that dirt (like other identified social problems) is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that refers on a practical and symbolic level to a variety of larger concerns. Notre article concerne la représentation des problèmes sociaux par les familles ordinaires de Saint Pétersbourg. Nous essayons de répondre à deux questions: Comment sont construites les formulations des problèmes sociaux? De quoi parlent les citoyens de Saint Pétesbourg quand ils parlent de problèmes sociaux? Notre matériel se compose des interviews thématiques à structure flexible de 42 familles de Saint Pétersbourg faites en 1993. Ces interviews faisaient partie d'une étude conjointe finlandaise et russe sur les conditions de vie, les stratagèmes de survie, les problèmes et les réseaux sociaux en Russie. Le titre de notre article provient de l'observation quelque peu surprenante que la saleté et le désordre dans la vie de tous les jours sont les problèmes sociaux les plus couramment cités. Ces formulations des problèmes sociaux dans la Russie actuelle sont prises comme exemples de constructions sociales, et nous soutenons que ces demandes produites en privé doivent être con¸ues comme faisant partie des demandes publiques dans la tradition constructiviste. A la place du modèle traditionnel à quatre champs (le public/privé recoupant le symbolique/pratique), nous suggérons un modèle ‘hexagone’ plus complexe afin de souligner que la personne qui parle, en tant que sujet, utilise simultanément des identités multiples (plusieurs concepts de ‘moi’ et ‘nous’). Le modèle ‘hexagone’ nous permet d'analyser les allusions à la saleté, bien que dispersées, dans une structure de concepts unifiée. En réponse à la question de savoir pourquoi la saleté est per¸ue comme un problème social d'une telle importance par les citoyens de Saint Pétersbourg, nous concluons est que la saleté (comme les autres problèmes sociaux identifiés) est un phénomène à plusieurs dimensions qui se rapporte à une variété de problèmes plus généraux au niveau pratique et symbolique.     

Dynamics of the Standard of Living in St Petersburg during Five Years of Economic Reform

The monitoring of changing living conditions in St Petersburg was started in 1989. In 1993 the Finance and Economics Committee of the Government of St Petersburg and a team of researchers from the Institute of Sociology at the Russian Academy of Sciences began collaborating in a study of the levels of socio-economic differentiation among the population and the priorities in city budget policies. A telephone survey scheme was designed based on representative samples (1000–2500 respondents) of the adult population (18 years and over) and controlled by city district distribution, sex, age, social status and housing. This scheme was implemented regularly with 2–3 month intervals between surveys. It was also undertaken for the purpose of reviewing the general orientation of social politics, decisions on budget priorities, new urgent needs and goals, and the diagnosis and short-term prognosis of trends and policy moves. Detailed and structured information on the living standards of the St Petersburg population is available from the computerized data-base, reports, and from the city's daily newspaper Nevskoe vremya. The studies have demonstrated that economic differentiation in St Petersburg has grown significantly as a result of current reforms (from a 1 to 4 ratio before 1990 to 1 to 10 by the end of 1996). Analysis of the economic characteristics of the population of St Petersburg has revealed that over the course of the past five years there has been rapid differentiation along new lines. At present, wealth and poverty, rather than shared social and professional attributes, tend to unite or separate people. The level of family and personal income determines consumer behaviour, lifestyle, values, cultural attitudes and even individuals' self-perception. La surveillance des changements des conditions de vie à Saint Pétersbourg a commencé en 1989. En 1993 le Comité de l'Economie et des Finances du Gouvernement de Saint Pétersbourg et une équipe de chercheurs de l'Institut de Sociologie de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie commencèrent une étude collaborative des niveaux de différenciation socio-économique dans la population et des priorités de la politique budgétaire de la ville. Un sondage téléphonique fut proposé, fondé sur une section représentative (1000 à 2500 personnes) de la population adulte (de 18 ans et plus) et contrôllée par la distribution des quartiers de la ville, par sexe, âge, statut social et logement. Ce projet fut mis en exécution régulièrement, avec 2 ou 3 mois d'intervalle entre les sondages. Il fut aussi entrepris dans le but d'examiner l'orientation générale des politiques sociales, des décisions quant aux priorités budgétaires, les nouveaux besoins et buts urgents, et le diagnosis et prognosis à court terme des tendances et changements de politique. L'information détaillée structurée concernant les niveaux de vie de la population de Saint Pétersbourg peut être obtenue dans le compte-rendu de la base des donnés sur l'ordinateur et dans le quotidien de la ville, Nevskoe Vremya. Les recherches ont démontré que le différenciation économique à Saint Pétersbourg a considérablement augmentéà la suite des réformes actuelles (d'une proportion de 1 à 4 avant 1990 à une proportion de 1 à 10 à la fin de 1996). L'analyse des caractéristiques économiques de la population de Saint Péterbourg a révélé qu'il y a eu une rapide différenciation d'un type nouveau au cours des cinq dernières années. A présent ce sont la richesse et la pauvreté, plutôt que les attributs sociaux et professionnels communs, qui ont tendance à unir ou à séparer les gens. Le niveau de revenu personnel et familial détermine le comportment des consommateurs, le style de vie, sens des valeurs, attitudes culturelles et même la perception d'eux-mêmes qu'ont les individus.     

重庆市城市居民消费需求实证分析

本文利用扩展线性支出系统模型，通过对重庆市城市居民消费需求的分析，说明了收入变动和价格波动对消费需求的影响，分析了城镇居民消费需求结构的变动趋势。     

博物馆之都:天津创意城市建设的模式选择

近年来,天津城市建设的成就引人瞩目:海河滨水区Ⅱ的改造、滨海新区的建设、中新生态城的起步,城市建设中对历史文化κ源的发掘㈦整合等等。但迄今为止,天津城市的建设因缺乏显著的创意性规划而存在特色缺乏、亮点不亮的问题。基于天津600多年历史㈦文化发展而形成的独特κ源,借鉴西方创意城市建设的经验,博物馆之都建设构想的提出,或许可使天津走出一条独特的创意城市建设之路,从而全面提升城市的竞争力。     

The City as Experiential Space: The Production of Shared Meaning

Cities obviously differ from each other. Sociologically, this difference becomes significant when your aim is to ascertain the influence of local factors in a globalizing world or to understand processes of societal differentiation. To do so, scholars in the areas of urban and regional sociology, community research and local policy can turn to a number of theoretical and empirical studies on cities, municipalities, or, less specifically, the local setting as societally formative units that resist global influences. In this article I continue to ask how cities socialize in a way that allows shared experience to emerge in communities. Grounded in the sociology of knowledge shaped by German thinkers such as Max Weber, Alfred Schütz, Karl Mannheim, Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, my aim is to illustrate that specific stocks of knowledge based on habitualized experience arise in every city. Intrinsic logic captures the hidden structures of cities as locally well‐established, operative processes of sense‐making along with their physical, material manifestations.     

大城市中心区地下空间规划设计实践探索——以蚌埠市、盐城市为例

一般大城市相较于特大城市,其地下空间的发展动因、目标定位、开发模式等方面有着显著的不同,目前对规划重视程度的远远不够,导致地下空间在城市规划体系中仍面临边缘化的局面。文章结合盐城、蚌埠市中心区地下空间规划的实践案例,提出经济适度、立体公共、地方人文的规划原则,在充分研究现状开发和目标需求的基础上,从宏观布局到微观设计等多个层面提出系统化的应对措施,旨在为此类大中等城市地下空间的规划和开发提供参考。     

南京市优秀女子竞走运动员竞技能力结构模型构建及主要训练特点

通过对南京市30名女子竞走运动员测试数据,初步制定出南京市女子竞走运动员竞技能力结构模型,并在此基础是阐明了竞走有别于其他项目的不同训练特点。     

我国优秀运动员培养的现状与反思

基于逻辑思辨,呈现了我国优秀运动员培养之现状:追求成绩至上、倍受伤病困扰、文化教育缺失、生存技能缺乏;对我国优秀运动员的培养进行了反思:科学化的训练、训练与健康并重、训练与教育结合、训练与就业同在。以期为我国优秀运动员的培养提供参考,有利于促进我国优秀运动员的健康成长。     

地质灾害对唐山市城市扩展的影响

如何准确地获取城市扩展的信息,并分析地质灾害对城市扩展的影响,对于指导城市规划具有重要的指导意义.首先利用四个时相的MSS、TM、CBERS-2遥感图像,提取唐山市28年来建成区的面积,并且对四个时期城市建成区的扩展进行了全面分析.然后从地质灾害的角度,分析了地震、岩溶塌陷、采煤塌陷这三个地质灾害对唐山市城市扩展的影响.最后针对唐山市未来的城市扩展提出了建议.     

基于生态环境保护的我国北方城市景观发展研究——以兰州市为例

本文在分析我国北方城市景观发展中存在的问题的基础上,以兰州市为例,从生态环境角度对城市景观的发展建设进行了分析探讨。总结得出了兰州市在城市景观建设,尤其在生态环境方面与其他城市相比具有的优势与不足,并总结了兰州市在城市景观发展中存在的问题及原因,最后提出了相关的对策和建议。     

Let Their Voices Be Seen: Exploring Mental Mapping as a Feminist Visual Methodology for the Study of Migrant Women

This article explores how mental mapping can be used as a critical methodology for feminist migration studies. In a case study of female marriage migrants who settle in rural areas in South Korea from other Asian countries, I attempt to develop mental mapping to supplement verbal interviews. Mental maps of hometowns and current neighborhoods drawn by my interviewees represent their geographical imaginations and complex identity negotiations that mirror the change in their social locations. In order to understand multilayered meanings embedded in the images and the way in which power relations existent between the researcher and the researched affect the map production, I suggest a critical reading of the maps. The article shows how a reflexive and intertextual reading makes a difference to the interpretation of the maps. It argues that the maps are not mere reflections of the women's cognition, but rather socially constructed texts through which their desires, emotions, feelings and internal contradictions are expressed and negotiated. My research suggests that mental mapping, if ethically performed and critically evaluated, has potential as a means to convey the unheard voices of the marginalized to diverse audiences.