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1.
Andy Wible 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,87(1):173-183
The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has recently issued a revised “Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants” (IFAC Code). As a requirement for membership in IFAC, a national accounting organization must either adopt the IFAC Code or adopt a code of conduct that is not “less stringent” than the IFAC Code. In this paper, we examine the extent to which 158 national accounting organizations have adopted the revised IFAC Code as their own. Our results indicate that 80 of our sample organizations have adopted the IFAC Code (sometimes with minor modifications), while the remaining 78 opted not to utilize the model IFAC Code. We then test the hypothesis that national accounting organizations in lower income economies would be less likely to adopt the IFAC Code than those in high income economies. Our results do not support the hypothesis. We argue that one potential reason for such a finding is that adopting the IFAC Code may be a cost effective means of adopting a code of ethics for organizations in lower income economies. 相似文献
2.
The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has issued a revised “Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants” (IFAC Code). The IFAC Code is intended to be a model code of ethics for national accounting organizations throughout the world. Prior research demonstrates that approximately 50% of IFAC member organizations have adopted the IFAC Code as their organizational code of conduct. There is therefore empirical evidence that international convergence of accounting ethical standards is occurring. We employ Hofstede’s (2008, http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php) cultural dimensions in an attempt to empirically explain accounting organizations’ decisions about whether to adopt the IFAC Code or to retain their organization-specific code. Our results indicate that accounting organizations in cultures with high levels of Individualism and Uncertainty Avoidance are less likely to adopt the model IFAC Code. Organizations in high Individualism and Uncertainty Avoidance societies are therefore less likely to surrender the setting of ethical standards to an outside, international organization. 相似文献
3.
This paper reports findings from a study into national associations of accountants from the perspective of the model code of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants . Using data collected from a survey document, the paper analyses the extent of the model code's influence in an international process of harmonisation of ethical rules for accountants. Obstacles to the adoption of the model code are examined, as is the impact that government supervision of codes has had on harmonisation efforts. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between professional independence and close family relationships and culture. Findings are also presented on other issues of code content, and the most appropriate body for interpreting national codes is identified. These items were included as matters of then current concern to the Ethics Committee of IFAC. 相似文献
4.
As consumer use of information and communication technology (ICT) products grows, the importance of ICT standards in consumer
markets also grows. While standards for manufactured products were once developed at the national level in formal standards
bodies, standards for ICT products today are more likely to be developed by informal standards bodies that target global markets,
creating new challenges for national consumer protection laws. As part of the process of creating a single market, the EU
developed an innovative and successful form of “coregulation” known as the “New Approach” that coordinated the work of legislators
and standards developers to reduce technical barriers to trade in the internal market. In order to protect consumer interests
in markets for ICT products effectively, another “New Approach” is needed to coordinate the work of global ICT standard-developing
organizations with the goals of national and regional consumer protection laws, but the institutional challenges facing such
a strategy are daunting. The French DADVSI legislation represents progress in this direction; further progress may be possible
by adopting “better regulation” strategies.
相似文献
Nicolas JondetEmail: |
5.
We address a previous finding in the business ethics literature in which accounting professionals in higher rank levels, i.e.,
“manager” or “partner” of auditing firms, appear to have lower moral reasoning ability than their junior counterparts. Prior
investigations have relied upon a similar methodology for estimating ethical beliefs, namely testing “moral reasoning ability”
using either the Moral Judgment Interview or Defining Issues Test. In the present study, we use a multiple vignettes approach
to test for the existence of the inverse rank-ethical beliefs effect. With only 2 of the 30 vignettes resulting in both managers
and partners being more accepting of the ethically charged behaviors, the results presented here using this alternative methodology
are generally not supportive of the inverse rank-ethical beliefs phenomenon. We also use a multivariate analysis in order
to control for demographic characteristics. Our results suggest that the most robust predictor of ethical attitudes among
accounting practitioners is age, not rank within a firm. 相似文献
6.
John B Taylor 《Business Economics》2007,42(4):8-15
Over the past 20 years, the use of monetary policy rules
has become pervasive in analyzing and prescribing monetary
policy. This paper traces the development of such
rules and their use in the analysis, prediction, and stabilization
of national economies. In particular, rules provide
insight into eras in which monetary policy was not effective
as well as when it was, such as the persistence of the
ongoing “Great Moderation.” The paper stresses the “scientific”
contributions of rules, including their insight into
fluctuations of housing construction and exchange rates,
as well as into the term structure of interest rates.
JEL Classification E52, E58 相似文献
7.
Mathew L. Sheep 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,66(4):357-375
In a world which can be increasingly described as a “society of organizations,” it is incumbent upon organizational researchers
to account for the role of organizations in determining the well-being of societies and the individuals that comprise them.
Workplace spirituality is a young area of inquiry with potentially strong relevance to the well-being of individuals, organizations,
and societies. Previous literature has not examined ethical dilemmas related to workplace spirituality that organizations
might expect based upon the co-existence of multiple ethical work climates, nor has previous literature accounted for the
relevance of the cosmopolitan (external, societal) source of moral reasoning in the ethical treatment of workplace spirituality.
The purpose of this paper is to address these gaps by articulating two such ethical dilemmas related to workplace spirituality:
the “quiet desperation” dilemma and the instrumentality dilemma. Moreover, I propose two theoretical contexts that foster
“both-and” rather than “either-or” thinking, thereby mitigating (moderating) the relationships between climate combinations
and conflictual aspects of the ethical dilemmas. For the “quiet desperation” dilemma, I propose a person–organization fit
perspective to emphasize diversity of individual preferences instead of a managerially prescribed uniformity of spirituality.
For the instrumentality dilemma, I propose a multiparadigm approach to workplace spirituality research to avoid the privileging
of one research interest over another (e.g., instrumentality, individual fulfillment, societal good). I conclude with suggestions
for future research. 相似文献
8.
The “justice of markets” is intricately connected to the treatment of the poor and the disadvantaged in market economies.
The increased interest of multinational corporations in low-income market segments affords, on one hand, the opportunity for
a more inclusive capitalism, and on the other, the threat of greater exploitation of poor and disadvantaged consumers. This
article traces the contributions of Catholic Social Teaching and its basic principles toward providing insight into what constitutes
“justice” in such “marketing to the impoverished” situations. 相似文献
9.
Alfred Boss Senior economist Kiel Institute for World Economics Germany. 《Intereconomics》2006,41(1):44-48
It is often feared that tax competition might lead to a “race to the bottom” and that the consequence of a reduction in tax
rates on capital income would be shrinking capital income tax revenues and difficulties for national governments to perform
their usual tasks. The following paper analyses what happened to tax revenues in a number of OECD countries. It turns out
that taxes on capital income contribute to the financing of public expenditure to a more or less unchanged extent; nor are
there significant changes in the level and structure of total tax revenues.
相似文献
10.
The public accounting industry’s voluntary code of conduct in the United States is the American Institute of CPA’s Code of
Professional Conduct. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the accounting industry’s current code is limited in its ability
to serve the public interest in three respects. Specifically, the code is input-based, requires no third-party attestation
of compliance with the code, and contains no public reporting process of code compliance/noncompliance at the accounting firm
level. We propose that the accounting profession should reorient its largely input-based Code of Professional Conduct to include
output-based performance measurements. We also conclude that third-party attestation of compliance with the profession’s code
would help to promote compliance. Finally, we maintain that the accounting industry should initiate a public reporting process
at the individual accounting firm level. Such a requirement would add a degree of public accountability as to whether a firm
complies or fails to comply with the industry’s voluntary code of conduct.
John D. Neill, Ph.D., CPA, is a professor of accounting at Abilene Christian University and has previously published articles
in numerous journals including the Journal of Business
Ethics, Journal of Accounting Literature, Accounting Horizons, Advances in Accounting,theFinancial Analysts Journal,and theJournal of Accounting, Ethics, and Public Policy. O. Scott Stovall, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of accounting at Abilene Christian University and has published articles
in the Journal of Business Ethics, Management Accounting Quarterly, and Cases from Management Accounting Practice. Darryl L. Jinkerson, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of management and chair of the Management Sciences Department at Abilene
Christian University and was formerly the Director of Assessment and Measurement for Arthur Andersen. 相似文献
11.
D. Ladkin 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,65(1):87-98
This paper offers an alternative to deontological and utilitarian approaches to making ethical decisions and taking good actions
by organisational leaders. It argues that the relational and context-dependent nature of leadership necessitates reference
to an ethical approach which explicitly takes these aspects into account. Such an approach is offered in the re-conceptualisation
of ethical action on the part of leaders as a process of “coming into right relation” vis-à-vis those affected by their decisions
and actions. Heidegger’s notion of “dwelling” is explored as a means of “coming into right relation”. Three aspects of dwelling:
“staying with”, “comportment” and “active engagement” are described and ways in which they might be practically enacted by
leaders are suggested. The paper concludes by reflecting on the ways adopting a “dwelling” approach to resolving ethical issues
implies a re-conceptualisation of leadership itself. 相似文献
12.
This article critically evaluates current developments in marketing fair trade labelled products and “no sweat” manufactured
goods, and argues that both the fair trade and ethical trade movements increasingly rely on strategies for bottom-up change,
converting consumers “one cup at a time”. This individualistic approach, which we call “shopping for a better world”, must,
we argue, be augmented by more collectivist approaches to affect transformative change. Specifically, we look at the concept
of mission-driven organizations pursuing leadership roles in developing affinity relationships to promote fair and ethical
trade and developing ethical spaces. Increasingly, a range of organizations are restructuring their operations, so that their
mission is reflected in ethical practices throughout their operations, including product sourcing and product sales. First,
ethical purchasing policies operated by non-profits and public agencies represent markets through which fair/ethical products
reach end consumers. The efforts discussed to create ethical spaces through direct democracy and electoral mandate build on
a broad-based affinity with the principles of fair and ethical trade. Second, we explore the potential for “mission-driven”
non-profit organizations, such as zoos and aquaria for merging their mission of conservation education with their marketing
activities through the operation of their shops and cafés. Interesting initiatives to link the conservation message to food
choices is being undertaken by a number of zoos and aquaria, while there is scope for increased linkages in the giftware sold
in their shops. 相似文献
13.
Joseph Heath 《Journal of Business Ethics》2007,72(4):359-374
In the economic literature on the firm, especially in the transaction–cost tradition, a sharp distinction is drawn between
so-called “market transactions” and “administered transactions.” This distinction is of enormous importance for business ethics,
since market transactions are governed by the competitive logic of the market, whereas administered transactions are subject
to the cooperative norms that govern collective action in a bureaucracy. The widespread failure to distinguish between these
two types of transactions, and thus to distinguish between adversarial and non-adversarial relations, has led many business
ethicists to develop a “uniform” moral code. Yet in market transactions, the checks and balances built into the system of
commercial exchange are such as to permit more instrumental forms of behavior. In administered transactions, by contrast,
these checks and balances are absent, and thus the institutional context calls for much greater exercise of moral restraint.
In this paper, I begin the task of developing an adversarial ethic for business. According to this view, the competitive environment
licenses a greater range of “self-interested” behavior, but also imposes its own constraints on the strategies that firms
may adopt in the pursuit of their interests.
Joseph Heath is Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the Centre for Ethics at the University of Toronto.
He is the author of three books: Communicative Action and Rational Choice (MIT Press, 2001), The Efficient Society (Penguin,
2001), and with Andrew Potter. The Rebel Sell (HarperCollins, 2004). His research focuses on practical rationality, normative
economics, and critical theory. 相似文献
14.
Joaquín Guzmán-Cuevas Rafael Cáceres-Carrasco Domingo Ribeiro Soriano 《Small Business Economics》2009,32(3):317-330
This article analyzes the quality of business structure from a macroeconomic perspective in the regional context. In addition
to “traditional” variables such as innovation, internationalization, or entrepreneurial collaboration, new variables have
been introduced: functional dependence and productive dependence. Two different economic territories have been chosen within
the Spanish economy: the province of Barcelona (high relative income per capita) and the province of Seville (low relative
income per capita). We find it is possible to distinguish two types of firms: a) “product-maker” firms (mainly located in
advanced areas) and b) “market-maker” firms (mainly located in less developed areas).
相似文献
15.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Western Europe: An Institutional Mirror
or Substitute? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In spite of extensive research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its link with economic and social performance,
few studies have investigated the institutional determinants of CSR. This article draws upon neo-institutional theory and
comparative institutional analysis to compare the influence of different institutional environments on CSR policies of European
firms. On the basis of a dataset of European firms, we find that firms from the more liberal market economies of the Anglo-Saxon
countries score higher on most dimensions of CSR than firms in the more coordinated market economies (CMEs) in Continental
Europe. This result lends support to the view of voluntary CSR practices in liberal economies as being a substitute for institutionalized
forms of stakeholder participation. Meanwhile, CSR tends not to mirror more institutionalized forms of stakeholder coordination.
Instead, in CMEs, CSR often takes on more implicit forms. Our analysis also shows that national institutional and sectoral-level
factors have an asymmetric effect – strongly influencing the likelihood of firms adopting ‘minimum standards’ of CSR, but
having little influence on the adoption of ‘best practices’. 相似文献
16.
This article looks at reasons why income inequality could rise and then explores whether, in fact, workers are losing out.
It examines whether workers are falling behind relative to the wealthy and whether real wages have been falling or perhaps
only manufacturing wages. It also examines whether there is a growing “wealth gap” and why it could be developing. Finally,
it examines the hypothesis that relatively inexperienced or unskilled workers are falling behind. The paper concludes that
there is a wealth gap, but that it is due to falling real interest rates not declining compensation. Other indicators of inequality
may be growing as well, but it is not because compensation is falling short of rapid productivity growth or because workers
are falling behind other income recipients. 相似文献
17.
Kevin M. Misiewicz 《Journal of Business Ethics》2007,70(1):15-21
Accounting educators are in the midst of creating new opportunities for students to enhance their abilities to recognize ethical
dilemmas, establish criteria by which to make ethical decisions, and establish support mechanisms and strategies to facilitate
their ethical decision-making. CPA firms, professional organizations and state boards of accountancy are co-operating to increase
requirements for ethics education for candidates taking the CPA exam. The current situation is confusing and sub-optimal regarding
the use of precious learning time in college programs. A new dialogue between the three stakeholders, creative learning approaches,
and additional resources can lead to a more consistent and optimal learning paradigm regarding the ethics education of accountants.
Research evaluating the effectiveness of various approaches is needed to effectively apply limited resources in an area critical
to the reputation capital of the accounting profession.
Kevin holds a B.B.A. from Western Michigan University and a Ph.D. from Michigan State University, along with being a CPA.
He has been at Notre Dame since 1978, and served as the first Arthur Young Faculty Fellow in Taxation from 1983 to 1985. From
August 1985, to June 1986, Kevin worked as a faculty resident in the Arthur Andersen & Company practice office in Chicago.
He was Assistant Department Chair from 1991 to 1995 and the University Ombudsperson for discriminatory harassment from 1999
to 2001. In 1997, he organized and chaired a national conference “What Works Well in Accounting Education” held at Notre Dame.
He taught in the London Program for the fall, 1998 semester. Kevin was the Faculty Director of the Master of Nonprofit Administration
Program from 2001 to 2005.
He teaches accounting courses – primarily tax courses. Recently Kevin has developed new elective courses at the undergraduate
and graduate levels on “Ethics in Accounting.”
His publications include articles in The Accounting Review, TAXES - The Tax Magazine, The CPA Journal, The Review of Taxation
of Individuals, Tax Ideas, Massachusetts CPA Review, The Journal of the American Taxation Association, New Accountant, the
Journal of Accounting Education, Taxation for Accountants, and The Tax Adviser. He also was co-author of a Bureau of National Affairs tax management portfolio on Cash and Accrual Methods of Accounting and the book Programmed Guide to Tax Research. He is on the Editorial Review Board of Issues in Accounting Education. An article he authored on “The Normative Impact of CPA Firms, Professional Organizations and State Boards on Accounting Ethics Education” will be published in the Journal of Business Ethics in summer, 2006.
In 1989, he and his wife, Kathy, were given the Grenville Clark Award by the University for “Voluntary activities serving
to advance the causes of peace and human rights.” Kevin and his wife, Kathy, have eight children, four of whom are adopted
special needs children. Kevin and Kathy have been leaders in Worldwide Marriage Encounter ministry for many years. 相似文献
18.
The Global Economic Ethic Manifesto (“Manifesto”) is a moral framework/code of conduct which is both interactive and interdependent
with the economic function of the main institutions of the economic system: markets, governments, civil society, and supranational
organizations, which lays out a common fundamental vision of what is legitimate, just, and fair in economic activities. The
Manifesto includes five universally accepted principles and values: the principle of humanity; the basic values of non-violence
and respect for life; the basic values of justice and humanity; the basic values of honesty and tolerance; and the basic values
of mutual esteem and partnership. We posit that the Manifesto provides an ethical foundation for explicitly assisting multinational
enterprise's (“MNE”) executive management and boards of directors to meet the moral failures criticisms associated with the
expansion of global capitalism, and similarly how the U.N. Global Compact (“Compact”) is focused on addressing complimentary
market and institutional failures. In this article, we argue how the Compact and the Manifesto complement each other, explaining
how the policies and guidelines of the Compact can now be implemented at the organizational/individual level through a comprehensive
human resource management (HRM) plan supporting the ethical framework of the Manifesto. Finally, we have described how the
Manifesto completes a comprehensive managerial framework (consisting of both the Compact and the Manifesto) for what we term
an “MNE Moral Values-Based Corporate Governance Model.” Ultimately, further research is needed in understanding how much impact
external and internal influences make on creating a sustainable ethical culture in MNEs. 相似文献
19.
Just as socially irresponsible organizational behavior leaves a punitive legacy on society, socially responsible organizations
can foster curative change. This article examines whether small organizations can foster societal change toward more sustainable
modes of living. We contend that consumption is deeply intertwined with social relations and norms, thus making individual
behavioral change toward sustainability a matter of facilitating change in individual behavior, as well as in social norms
and relations between organizations and consumers. We argue that it is in this facilitation process that small firms can play
a major role, by adopting upstream and downstream approaches to diffuse behavioral change. By synthesizing four key strands
of literature – small businesses and corporate social responsibility, ethical consumption, community social marketing, and
the diffusion of innovation – and using the exemplar case of Modbury, the iconic “plastic bag-free” town, we demonstrate how
responsible small firms can influence communities, and the individuals therein, to encourage environmentally sustainable practice
to diffuse and support change in society. 相似文献
20.
Financially significant relationships between corporations and non-profit organizations (NPOs) have increased in recent years.
NPOs offer access to interests and ideologies that are lacking within most for-profit organizations. These partnerships form
a unique bridge between for-profit and non-profit goals and offer significant potential to produce innovative ways of “doing
business by doing good.” Exploration of the structural implications of these relationships, however, has been limited. The
potential for ideological imbalance in these relationships, particularly for the NPO, has been poorly described. We explore
the structure of Corporate–NPO relationships from the NPO's perspective under high pressure conditions such as large relational
investments or negative pressure from stakeholders. Using data collected from 20 NPOs in Australia, we identified the use
by NPOs of both formal and informal governance mechanisms within their partnerships. These mechanisms acted to align and defend
important goals of the NPO. They allowed the NPO and their corporate partners to be simultaneously “together and apart.” Our
study offers important insight toward the study of cross-sector relationships and the role of governance mechanisms. 相似文献