食品与非食品价格的长期均衡关系与短期非线性调整——基于两区制门槛协整模型的实证研究

食品通胀率与非食品通胀率之间的测量缺口近期持续扩大,引起了市场广泛关注。文章根据1994年1月至2010年8月的食品价格与非食品价格数据,运用两区制门槛误差修正模型研究两者的长期均衡关系和短期价格调整以及传导机制中的非线性特征。结果发现,食品通胀率与非食品通胀率存在门槛协整关系,而且估计缺口稳定,这表明测量缺口夸大了两者的真实偏离。文章还发现了食品价格传导的新信息内涵,即食品价格对非食品价格具有非线性的价格传导性:短期内偏离主要是食品价格上升造成,尤其是在高通货膨胀区制,偏离速度有加快趋势。两区制的Granger因果关系检验发现,在极端区制,食品价格通胀与非食品价格通胀具有双向的短期Granger原因,即两者相互领先;而在正常区制,食品价格通胀与非食品价格通胀具有双向的长期Granger原因。     

Inflation dynamics in Kazakhstan1

In January 1992, Kazakhstan initiated a reform programme to move towards market-determined prices. The price liberalization process was characterized by large relative price shifts and an increase in the overall price level towards those observed in market economies. The paper shows how the piecemeal manner in which prices were liberalized resulted in strong relative price variability over a prolonged period of time, against a background of high inflation. Convergence towards international relative and absolute price levels has progressed but is not complete, with prices for energy and services in particular still below market economy levels.     

试析人民币对外升值与对内贬值并存

Since 2002, RMB has shown a phenomenon which is the co-existence of the external appreciation and the domestic inflation. This new monetary phenomenon has been strengthened in the context that US dollar depreciates internationally and that domestic economy is overwhelmed with excessive liquidities. The new monetary phenomenon is the reflection of the real economy that continuing trade surplus, triggered robustly by the export-driven economy, which brings a huge amount of foreign exchange reserve and accelerates sequentially the expansion of domestic money supply. Furthermore, a refrained appreciation of RMB tends to deteriorate the domestic inflation, which is not simply a traditional concept of CPI but a broad inflation parameter including a variety of asset prices. It is sure that the new phenomenon is becoming a new challenge to the macroeconomic equilibrium as well as the decision maker of monetary policy. __________ Translated from Jingji yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2007, (9): 32–48     

Consumption,wealth and business cycles in Germany

This paper studies the long-run relationship between consumption, asset wealth and income—the consumption–wealth ratio—based on German data from 1980 to 2003. We find that departures from this long-run relationship mainly predict adjustments in income. The German consumption–wealth ratio also contains considerable forecasting power for a range of business cycle indicators, including the unemployment rate. This finding is in contrast to earlier studies for some of the Anglo-Saxon economies that have shown that the consumption–wealth ratio reverts to its long-run mean mainly through subsequent adjustments in asset prices. While the German consumption wealth ratio contains little information about future changes in German asset prices, we report that the U.S. consumption–wealth ratio has considerable forecasting power for the German stock market. One explanation of these findings is that in Germany—due to structural differences in the financial and pension systems—the share of publicly traded equity in aggregate household wealth is much smaller than in the Anglo-Saxon countries. We discuss the implications of our results for the measurement of a potential wealth effect on consumption. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the position of the Deutsche Bundesbank. We gratefully acknowledge comments and suggestions from an anonymous referee as well as from Heinz Herrmann, Helmut Lütkepohl, the editor, Baldev Raj, Burkhard Raunig, Monika Schnitzer, Harald Uhlig and Christian Upper. We also benefitted from comments by seminar participants at the ECB, the Deutsche Bundesbank, the CESifo Macro, Money and International Finance Area Conference 2005, the EEA 2005 annual congress and at the 2005 IAEA Meetings. Last but not least, we would like to thank Mark Weth for very useful information concerning the construction of the financial wealth data. Hoffmann’s work on this paper is also part of the project The International Allocation of Risk funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in the framework of SFB 475. Responsibility for any remaining errors and shortcomings is entirely our own.     

Asset ownership and market structure in oligopoly: Further results

How does the sale of assets from a small firm to a large firm affect the equilibrium price in oligopoly? Using the ‘cross-sectional differentiation’ technique introduced by Farrell and Shapiro (Rand Journal of Economics, 1990, 21, 275–292), I show that the equilibrium price rises if the common production technology is homogeneous of degree t, 0<t1.     

需求拉动,还是投资推动——基于新一轮通胀周期的实证研究

对通货膨胀及其成因的研究一直是宏观经济学与政府政策的一项重要内容。本文通过建立向量误差修正模型(VECM),对我国1997～2009年新一周期的通货膨胀进行实证研究。结果发现,月度消费价格指数(CPI)和工业品出厂价格指数(PPI)之间存在长期均衡关系,其格兰杰因果关系走向是CPI影响PPI,即价格传导走向是自下而上,而不是相反。这也就是说,总需求的扩张仍是此阶段通货膨胀的根源,所谓结构性通胀、输入型通胀等非典型通胀的解释得不到实证支持。研究还发现,在解释现阶段通胀中,供给价格弹性和巨型经济体是需要注意的两个因素。     

我国通货膨胀与粮食价格的实证分析

发展中国家在经济结构二元化向一元化转变的过程中,农业特别是粮食产业会由于社会资源的有限性向工业倾斜,进而产生较大的波动,一旦粮食供应量的增加不能完全弥补其需求量,就会出现粮食供不应求的局面,从而造成价格的上涨。粮食价格作为百价之王,它的变动也许会造成连环式的影响,从而推动整个宏观经济物价水平的上升,造成通货膨胀。为探讨粮食价格与通货膨胀之间的关系,借助计量分析软件,实证分析了粮食价格对通货膨胀的影响。通过研究认为,粮食价格对通货膨胀的影响是显著的,呈正相关,两者互为格兰杰因果。     

通货膨胀冲击的财产再分配效应——基于中美两国的比较研究

本文利用微观调查数据研究了中美两国通胀冲击的财产再分配效应。本文的定量研究结果表明,通胀冲击将侵蚀中国家庭部门的财产,并进一步恶化家庭间的财产分布;而美国的情况却截然相反。从通胀再分配效应的视角出发,本文建议我国在制定货币政策时应当更加重视民生目标,逐步建立起多种形式的通胀补贴制度,以增强社会底层的通胀承受能力。     

Inflation pressure and price intervention: an ominous combination∗

Of the debate regarding the new round of surging inflation in China, structural opinion interprets inflation as a problem of structural price growth, mainly brought about by a price hike for selected commodities as a result of exogenous shocks from different sectors. In line with the explanation, various measures aiming to control prices have been implemented recently. On the basis of basic economic principles and empirical evidence drawn from four cases, this essay argues that price intervention policies are counter-productive in bringing inflation down.     

Inflation, Deflation and Normal Price Adjustment

This paper thinks that the price of a commodity depends on both the value of the commodity and that of the currency. The change in either value will cause the change of the price of the commodity. Only the price rising caused by the decreasing of the currency value can be called inflation, and the price rising led by the increasing of the value of the merchandise can not be called inflation. Therefore, it is not proper, as defined by the modem economics, to think that any price increasing should be in general called inflation.     

Optimal price setting during a currency changeover: theory and evidence from french restaurants

This article studies firms’ price-setting decision during a currency changeover. Buyers’ difficulties with the new nominal price level may create incentives to raise prices temporarily but doing so comes at the risk of damaging a seller’s standing as a fair retailer. We model firms’ trade-off and study conditions under which increasing or decreasing prices is optimal. A difference-in-differences analysis based on micro-data of French restaurants strongly supports the model’s predictions. Prices during the 2002 changeover in the European Monetary Union were less likely to rise in larger restaurants, nontourist restaurants and when prices were advertised.     

通货膨胀、信息搜寻成本与价格分散

在人们为了交易动机而持有实际货币余额中,至少有一部分是为了寻找较低价格而产生的对信息搜寻行为的一种投入。在这一假设下,通货膨胀和价格分散之间存在正的相互作用。许多实证研究都支持了这一观点。     

房价滞胀的合理性分析

首先借用滞胀概念解释了房价滞胀及其主要表现,结合近一年多来中国房地产市场的具体表现,说明中国房市处于滞涨阶段,接下来分析房价高位滞胀支撑因素以及对房价滞胀问题如何加以理性认识,最后是分析结论和相应对策建议。     

房地产价格对通货膨胀预期具有指示性作用吗?——来自中国1996～2010年的经验证据

房地产价格对于未来的通货膨胀是否有指示性作用,关系到货币政策是否需要对房地产价格提前做出反应。采用1996年1月至2010年4月的月度数据,使用多步向前的方法对未来的通货膨胀进行样本外预测。结果显示,在房地产价格下跌时期,其指示性作用大于房地产价格的上涨时期。此外,某些房地产价格指标在某些时间段能够有效的提高预测效果,但是哪一种价格指标可以提高预测效果,没有一定的规律性。这说明,目前还不能将房地产价格指标纳入通货膨胀的预测体系中。     

通胀预期对未来住房价格的影响——基于消费者信心指数的分析

以消费者信心指数作为通货膨胀预期指标,以中国1999—2010年住房市场月度数据为样本,实证检验通货膨胀预期对未来住房价格的影响。实证检验结果表明,通货膨胀预期会导致住房价格上涨,即生产者和消费者对通货膨胀预期将推动住房价格的不断上涨,因此,稳定通货膨胀预期对于稳定住房价格具有十分重要的作用。     

国际资本流动对房地产价格的影响——基于我国的实证检验(1998-2006年)

本文在考虑通货膨胀的条件下,利用我国1998-2006年的实际利用外资和房地产价格的季度数据建立误差纠正模型(ECM),使用Granger因果检验方法对我国的房地产价格和国际资本流动的关系进行实证检验.得出结论,短期而言,房地产价格上涨吸引了外资的流入;长期来说,外资的流入对我国的住房价格上涨产生了影响.在现阶段控制外资过度流入房地产市场,有利于保持我国房地产价格的稳定.     

基于系统动力学的中国通货膨胀形成机制研究

运用系统动力学方法和理论对我国通货膨胀的形成机制进行分析,提出通货膨胀系统是由经济发展子系统、存贷款子系统、财政收支子系统、国际收支子系统构成的复杂多重反馈系统,运用系统动力学Vensim软件,建立了通货膨胀系统的因果反馈模型,揭示了通货膨胀系统形成机制的主导因素,进而建立通货膨胀系统的结构流图和方程,对通货膨胀系统动态定量分析,通过调整相关参数进行仿真和预测,并在此基础上提出相关政策建议。     

转型经济中的货币金融市场改革——中国案例研究

本文根据作者对中国货币金融市场改革所作的研究,对中国经济体制改革和经济发展所取得的巨大成果进行了全面的历史回顾和充分肯定;对中国的财政金融体系改革和货币政策的实施效果进行了深入分析和客观评价;并通过广泛的国际案例比较分析,对中国的货币政策制定与货币区和金融市场的形成与改革提出了政策建议。     

我国资产价格波动与货币政策关系研究

随着金融自由化的逐步推进,资本市场存量日益增大.这既体现了金融深化程度的提高,又意味着货币供应与国民经济主要指标之间稳定性的弱化.资产价格对货币政策的制订和执行会产生深刻的影响.其中股价、房价等资产价格在货币政策传导机制中扮演的角色越来越重要.本文从实证角度出发,通过构建VAR模型检验我国资产价格对货币政策的反应以及资产价格对货币政策目标的影响,发现资产价格、货币政策及货币政策目标间存在长期协整关系,资产价格对产出有正向冲击作用,股市显著影响通货膨胀,但房地产市场对通货膨胀推动作用不明显,资产价格受货币政策的冲击影响显著,其中股市对货币政策冲击的反应明显大于房地产市场.