The evolution of corporate entrepreneurship in Swedish industry—was Schumpeter wrong?

This paper analyzes the evolution and role of corporate entrepreneurship in Swedish industry, particularly for the 1945–1980 period, based on data on the 100 economically most important innovations during this period. Privately owned large corporations (Schumpeter Mark II) dominated in launching innovations in almost all industrial sectors and in all subperiods but decreasingly so. 20% of the innovations were launched by new firms (Schumpeter Mark I) but most of these new firms were spun-off and/or acquired by large corporations. State entrepreneurship was marginal. Universities played an important role, although sector-specific. New firms and existing firms had similar growth rates and almost identical and short gestation times to international markets for their innovations. 80% of the corporate innovations were product renewals rather than product diversifications or process innovations. No evidence of an evolution from autonomous over corporate to state entrepreneurship, as hypothesized by Schumpeter, was found. Evolution of a dynamic coexistence of. these forms of entrepreneurship is hypothesized in this paper. The paper finally presents a model, synthesizing Schumpeter Mark I and II, for analyzing technological change and entrepreneurship.     

On the impact of innovation and inequality in economic growth

We present robust results on the empirical relationship among income inequality, innovation, and economic growth for a panel dataset of 74 countries over the period 1996–2014. We estimate pairwise causality tests to show that there is bidirectional causality between GDP per capita and R&D, while R&D causes the Gini index of income inequality, and it causes human capital. Allowing coefficients to be different across cross-sections of countries, we get in any case a pairwise bi-directionality. By dynamic panel data estimations, when regressing R&D on GDP per capita, we obtain a threshold value of 0.16% of R&D such that for values above it there is economic growth. While regressing R&D on the Gini index, we get a threshold of 0.10% of R&D above which, the income distribution begins to improve. Finally, we estimate a growth equation that depends on R&D, income inequality, and physical capital. We obtain two thresholds, one of 38.79 for the Gini (above which the economic growth decreases), and one of 0.06% for R&D such that above it, economic growth is rising.     

Commercial complexity and entrepreneurial finance

This paper shows that the probability of small business firms obtaining outside financing to support their research and development projects is greater given more complex commercial opportunities – defined as a greater number of different potential applications for a project’s anticipated results – for their innovations. The effects on the probability of outside finance found for other factors are consistent with the earlier findings in the literature about innovative entrepreneurial firms.     

The impact of “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” policy on SMEs’ innovation: Using quasi-natural experiments

This study presents an in-depth investigation of the impact of “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (MEI) policy on small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs’) innovation using the propensity score matching–difference-in-difference method. The MEI policy's R&D subsidies are found to generate a positive effect on SMEs’ innovation. Although R&D subsidies have no significant impact on SMEs’ strategic innovation, they can promote substantial innovation and establish a solid microfoundation for China's high-quality development. Compared with R&D subsidies, tax incentives in the MEI policy cannot encourage SMEs to innovate and may even have a negative impact on SMEs’ innovation.     

The Strategy-Technology Firm Fit Audit: A guide to opportunity assessment and selection

Both seminal and recent advances in the fields of management of technology, strategy and entrepreneurship are integrated to produce a multi-dimensional decomposition based model for evaluation of the appropriateness of an opportunity to a given entity. The resultant Strategy-Technology Firm Fit Audit model provides established firm decision makers a resource to provide decision support of potential opportunities. Six case studies are used to illustrate the use of the model to identify situations in which opportunities offer a good or poor fit for the organization under consideration. In addition to providing decision support for internal product innovation decisions, merger and acquisition decisions, open innovation decisions such as joint ventures, pre-competitive collaborations and strategic supply chain partnerships; the model is also useful for entrepreneurial teams, institutional investors, commercial development professionals, angels or venture capitalists that are considering the potential of a new venture.     

Terrorism and its impact on economic growth and technological innovation

Recent terrorist acts, in particular the 9-11 attacks in 2001, have created disruptions in the global economy. The short-term impact had been felt in the global tourism, airline industries, as well as the financial markets. While the global economy has recovered and is adjusting to the new global realities, the longer-term impact of heightened security risk across the world can be felt in the form of higher risk premiums in asset markets, as well as a shift of resources towards dealing with terrorism. Just as World War II had accelerated the development of nuclear energy as well as a major contributing factor in the genesis of Silicon Valley, the current war against terrorism will affect both the pace and trajectory of technology trends, as efforts are focused on developing technologies to combat terrorism. In this paper, we review the effects of the current war on terrorism in terms of its impact on the economy, the allocation of resources to R&D, and the trajectory of future R&D.     

A model of the innovation-adaptation mechanism driving economic dynamics: a micro representation

The model that this paper sets out is based on a combination of the Schumpeterian creative destruction and the neo-Austrian notion of market process. It gives a formalization of the succession innovation-structural organization and its endogenous mechanism, crucial to explain economic growth and development. More in particular, the essay gives an explanation of innovation, endogenous uncertainty and describes the way equilibrating and disequilibrating processes are intertwined and operate. It also shows that a representation of this dynamic competition process cannot do without some appropriate development on entrepreneurship and its links with uncertainty. Finally, some simulations with the proposed model are providedJEL Classification: M13, O31, D80, E32, O12I am indebted to C. R. Wymer for his advice and for the computer programs that have permitted the simulation of the model in this paper, including choice and substitutions of variables and specification of inequality conditions. These programs form part of the WYSEA (System Estimation and Analysis) package.     

中国制造业企业R&D行为模式的观测与实证——基于江苏省制造业企业问卷调查的实证分析

本文在大量调查问卷的基础上,以江苏省制造业企业为样本,以统计实证与计量分析等方法考察与观测企业所处行业、企业规模以及企业所有制等三个因素对企业R&D行为的影响,从微观行为数据层面揭示了中国制造业企业R&D活动的行为模式与真实机理。论文的许多发现为理解R&D“不易观测”的关键因素提供了基于中国经验的独特的实证视角。我们揭示出:中国小公司、中型公司、大公司的R&D强度趋势存在着明确的倾斜的V型结构关系,以此修正了Bound等、Pavitt等人的理论观点。     

The rise of female entrepreneurs: New evidence on gender differences in liquidity constraints

In this paper, we study the importance of liquidity constraints for entrepreneurial activity, using previously unexplored data from the UK. Using inheritances as an instrument, IV estimates reveal that single women drive the overall relationship between personal wealth and the propensity to start a new business. Defining business ownership rather than self-employment as the entrepreneurial outcome measure is also shown to be critical. Using self-employment leads to selection bias and underestimates the impact of personal wealth. The results imply that efforts aimed at relieving the liquidity constraints of single women could help further accelerate the recent rise of female entrepreneurship.     

“大众创业、万众创新”战略溯源研究

改革开放以来,多年技术创新实践是“大众创业、万众创新（双创）”战略的现实源头。通过对改革开放以来中国技术创新实践的阶段划分,展现其中“技术驱动”发展到“市场驱动”再突破到“创新驱动”的发展轨迹,提炼出我国技术创新发展背后隐藏的规律,为双创战略找到理论与现实支撑,最后提出相关建议。     

Cooperation and the efficiency of regional R&D activities

This paper investigates the relationship between the cooperativebehaviour of manufacturing establishments in a region and theefficiency of their R&D activities, using data for 11 Europeanregions. Some significant differences in the attitude towardsR&D cooperation as well as with regard to the efficiencyof R&D activities between the regions can be found. However,these two issues appear to a large degree to be empiricallyunrelated. Therefore, the role of R&D cooperation in regionalinnovation systems remains unclear.     

Innovation and the competitiveness of industries: Comparing the mainstream and the evolutionary approaches

The study of the relationships between innovation and the competitiveness of industries is an important topic for both, academic research and economic policy. The huge economics literature flourished in the last couple of decades on the subject broadly falls into two distinct research traditions, namely the mainstream R&D spillovers approach and the evolutionary economics view. Both traditions agree on the important role played by innovation and the inter-sectoral diffusion of advanced knowledge for the competitive performance of industrial sectors. Behind this general agreement, however, the two approaches are radically different. This paper shows that, at a deeper level of analysis, the mainstream and evolutionary views do indeed differ with respect to their theoretical foundations, empirical research and policy implications. In a nutshell, while the mainstream R&D spillover approach is inspired by a traditional view of economic policy based on a market-oriented approach, the evolutionary view is on the contrary consistent with the idea that institutional arrangements and policy interventions do indeed play a fundamental role for shaping innovation patterns and their impacts on the competitiveness of industries.     

高质量创业：如何提高创业活动创新性？

随着创业普及率的提升,国家乃至整个社会亟需加强对创业质量的关注,鼓励高质量、创新型创业活动开展。但学者对于什么是创业活动创新性、应如何提升创业质量等问题的认识依然模糊。从技术与非技术双元创新角度,采用跨案例研究方法,探讨不同类型制造企业创新策略及其演化机制。结果发现,技术创新与非技术创新融合对于创业质量提升至关重要,非技术类创新是目前制造型企业提升创业质量的主要方式;其次,不同类型制造企业创新策略演化路径不同,但均体现出从用户需求出发、权衡新颖性与实用性要求、持续提升产品或服务增值能力的机制特征,这对揭示创业活动创新性来源、推动创业质量提升具有重要意义。     

R&D strategy and innovation performance: the role of standardization

Firms now increasingly recognise the important role of R&D strategy in building technological advantage. However, few attempts have linked standardisation with specific R&D strategies in explaining innovation performance. To bridge this gap, this study empirically examines the relationships between R&D strategies, standardisation, and firms’ innovation performance. Based on a sample of 371 firms in China, we use structural equation modelling (SEM) and find that novelty-oriented R&D strategy generates greater accumulation of standardisation knowledge and standards diversity, while R&D openness only positively relates to this standardisation knowledge accumulation. Moreover, standardisation knowledge accumulation is positively related to both administrative and technical innovation performance, while a greater variety of standards only leads to higher administrative innovativeness. More importantly, our results reveal that accumulation of standardisation knowledge mediates the relationships between R&D novelty and administrative and technical innovation performances. Both the theoretical and practical implications that arise from these findings are discussed.     

Are inefficient entrepreneurs driven out of the market?

This paper challenges the widespread belief that competitive markets favor entrepreneurs who operate efficient technologies. In the context of a dynamically incomplete markets model, I show that, ceteris paribus, entrepreneurs operating efficient technologies can be driven out of a competitive market by entrepreneurs operating inefficient technologies.     

产学研用联合攻关体系形成的驱动因素、形成过程与形成机理研究——以国网辽宁电力为例

以企业为核心的产学研用联合攻关体系建设已成为创新驱动经济增长、新常态下新旧动能转换的主要路径选择。通过对国网辽宁电力产学研用联合攻关体系的案例研究,描摹了其联合攻关体系呈现出的五大特色,剖析了其形成的驱动因素与形成过程,提出了一个整合性的形成机理框架,发现国网辽宁电力产学研用联合攻关体系形成过程体现为以一种驱动因子为主导,其它因子次第赋能,在三种驱动因子以不断自我增强方式连续循环的作用机制下,进而驱动产学研用联合攻关体系历时性地呈现出螺旋式上升的过程,最后提出了经验启示。研究结论为焦点企业构建产学研用联合攻关体系提供借鉴和参考。     

海外高层次人才创新创业政策研究:政策工具与创新创业过程视角

在全球人才流动加速的知识经济时代,中央和地方政府相继颁布了一系列鼓励海外高层次人才创新创业的政策。通过构建政策工具—创新创业过程二维框架,以浙江省“九五”至“十三五”期间颁布的海外人才政策为研究对象,采用内容分析法和扎根理论编码进行统计分析。研究发现：浙江省海外高层次人才政策数量增长迅速,从“十五”至“十三五”开局之年政策数量呈明显上升趋势;政策发文主体较多,但协调性较弱,浙江省财政厅是重要联合发文主体;从政策工具维度而言,供给类和环境类政策过溢、需求类政策偏少;创新创业准备阶段缺乏环境型政策,起步阶段缺乏供给型政策,发展阶段缺乏需求型政策。最后,提出优化海外高层次人才政策的对策建议。     

Innovation, international technological diffusion and the changing influence of R&D on productivity

This paper analyses the relationship between OECD countries'business sector total factor productivity and domestic and foreignR&D efforts during the period 1961-1991. A sensitivity analysisis performed by making use of alternate estimations of specificationsin growth terms and in level terms. The results are shown tobe robust. They show that the influence of international technologicaldiffusion is, on average, substantially stronger than that ofdomestic R&D. In the case of the large economies, however,the latter influence is found to be more important. A structuralstability analysis provides evidence of a decrease in the estimatesin the mid-1970s, without significant recovery afterwards. Variouslong-run supply effects appear to have contributed. The discontinuousnature of the reduction does indicate, however, that these werereinforced by macroeconomic disturbances at the demand side.     

The determinants of internationalization: Evidence from the Taiwan high technology industry

This paper employs the logit model to explore the relationship between internationalization and its determinants. Using a sample set gathered from 114 high technology firms of Taiwan, which are mostly engaged in original equipment manufacturing, empirical tests of the hypotheses find support that corporate governance, patent counts, and education level of managers had a positive effect on internationalization. Surprisingly, R&D intensity, one of the innovation capitals, had a negative effect on internationalization.     

Scale effects in Schumpeterian models of economic growth

Early models of Schumpeterian growth incorporate scale effects predicting that large economies grow faster than small economies, and that population growth causes accelerating per capita income growth. An absence of clear empirical evidence for these scale effects has led some researchers to question the foundations underlying the Schumpeterian approach to growth. This paper reviews empirical evidence on the relationship between scale and growth, and recent attempts to construct Schumpeterian growth models without scale effects.