北欧诸国的科技发展与体制创新

北欧诸国在20世纪初还是一些落后的农业小国，经过几十年的努力，到20世纪60年代已发展成为高度发达的福利国家。20世纪80年代初，高福利对北欧国家经济发展的负面影响开始显现，90年代以来在经济全球化的冲击下，北欧国家的经济也遭到沉重的打击，其国家竞争力受到削弱。面对国际科技、经济竞争力的加剧，北欧国家争相实行科技创新，大力发展知识经济。     

面向2035的中国生物经济发展战略研究

生物经济被认为是继农业经济、工业经济、信息经济之后,推动人类社会永续发展的全新经济形态.全球正处于生物经济快速成长期的重要关口,中国具有资源禀赋好、市场空间大、人才储备厚、产业体系相对完善及新型举国体制等优势,但在制度设计、生物资源保护开发、产业创新力和竞争力、重大问题争端解决机制等方面仍存在短板.要以推动国家生物经济治理体系和治理能力现代化为主题,以支撑经济社会高质量发展、构建人类命运共同体为主线,面向健康中国、美丽中国、舌尖中国、平安中国等国家重大需求,加快部署国家生物经济发展战略,开启建设生物经济强国新篇章,为统筹发展和安全、培育疫后经济高质量复苏动力、参与新兴领域全球治理提供有力支撑.     

创新型国家评价指标研究及其对我国的启示

通过研究《全球竞争力报告》、《全球创新指数》等著名的评价国家创新能力和竞争力的指标发现：世界上20个主要创新型国家集中在欧洲、北美和亚洲部分区域;我国还不属于创新型国家,离核心创新国家有较大的差距。相比核心创新国家,我国的R&D投入总量和强度不足,社会创新效率偏低,企业创新能力较弱,创新人才储备不足,教育和培训较差。除这些硬指标外,在创新制度、市场成熟度和商业环境等创新环境的软指标方面也亟待改善。     

杭州产业“走出去”战略目标的定位

从经济发展阶段性来说，中国已基本成为全球制造业中心，但中国经济的发展是以高投入、资源高消耗来支撑的。企业是国民经济的细胞，企业竞争力是国家竞争力的核心与基础，粗放型发展的企业缺乏核心竞争力。在经济全球化的今天，我国产业竞争力面临严峻的挑战。如何使国内竞争性行业的大企业大集团，在全球范围内整合资金、人才、技术和资源，以提高企业和整个国家的竞争力的课题摆在我们面前。 目前世界上约有6．4万个跨国公司，它们控制了全世界1／3的生产，掌握了全世界70％的对外直接投资、66．7％的世界贸易、70％以上的专利和其他技术转让。中国要成为经济强国必须培养自己的跨国公司，增强企业跨国投资的能力。“走出去”主要指对外直接投资、对外承包工程和对外劳务合作。本文所谈的“走出去”战略以讨论境外直接投资为主，对杭州企业“走出去”状况进行分析，对怎样利用国外资源增强杭州产业竞争力提出一些建议。     

机制创新与创新力培植--经济社会发展新趋势下的区域政府管理

进入21世纪，社会经济的发展速度及变化越来越快，区域间的竞争越来越强，作为区域管理主体的区域政府将面临更多更大的挑战。在经济调控方式转变、产业结构调整、信息网络资源全面开拓、全球一体化的发展变化下，要达成区域经济社会运行协调、内部分工合理、对外交流通畅、区域整体竞争力强，实现持续性的社会经济发展目标，区域政府必须进行管理机制创新及培植核心创新力、动能创新力、资讯创新力、凝聚创新力、环境创新力等五大创新力。并且，随着社会经济的进一步发展，还要求区域政府不断开拓、不断创新，最终实现区域的全面发展。     

中国与创新型国家建设阶段及创新竞争力比较研究

建设创新型国家是事关社会主义现代化建设全局的重大战略决策。通过对中国与世界上22个创新型国家的创新综合竞争力、分维度竞争力进行比较发现,中国在经济发展、制度环境、社会发展、创新能力方面与创新型国家均存在较大差距,未来应进一步深化科技体制改革,积极推动中小企业成为技术创新的主体;加大研发投入,同时积极探索多渠道、多元化的投融资机制;充分发挥政府的引领和推动作用,促进政府、企业和科研机构的联动;完善人才评价体系,建设创新型科技人才队伍。     

论文献信息工作在科技创新中的作用

科技创新作为全球关注的焦点,成为具有十足时代气息的领域.信息、知识资源成为科技、经济发展的内在要素,文献信息资源已成为世界瞩目的科技创新的制高点,并蕴藏着巨大的发展空间.图书馆是收集文献、传递知识的场所,是重要的信息集散地,而文献信息工作就是将所收藏的文献信息进行整理、加工并提供给用户.充分认识和发挥它们在国家科技创新中的作用,对于新时期我国依靠科技进步实现经济增长方式的根本性转变,及提高图书馆的竞争力,意义重大.     

科技创新对国际贸易的影响及我国的对策

科技创新在多方面对国际贸易产生重大影响,是一国外贸竞争力的最重要构成因素。为提升我国外贸的竞争力,实现从贸易大国向贸易强国的跨越,必须完善我国国家创新系统、建设创新型国家并实施知识产权战略。     

发展创新型经济路径选择

知识经济改变了经济发展主体动力,以信息技术和知识经济为背景的创新型经济成为引领城市发展的核心驱动力。从工业化中期向工业化后期乃至后工业化转变,是工业化过程中的重要阶段。要尽快实现转变和跨越,关键是对发展路径的选择和经济形态的取舍。坚持创新驱动,大力发展创新型经济,并通过创新型经济的发展,在更大范围、更高层次上集聚人才、科技等创新资源,逐步建立创新驱动的城市发展格局,实现经济发展的真正转型。     

科技创新对国际贸易的影响及我国的对策

科技创新在多方面对国际贸易产生重大影响,是一国外贸竞争力的最重要构成因素.为提升我国外贸的竞争力,实现从贸易大国向贸易强国的跨越,必须完善我国国家创新系统、建设创新型国家并实施知识产权战略.     

Public Debt Reduction in Advanced Countries and Its Impact on Emerging Countries

Financial crises accompanied by banking crises often entail heavy fiscal legacies. For the U.S., for example, the gross government debt to GDP ratio exceeded 100 % in 2012. Due to the unsustainability of public debt, both in the U.S. and in other advanced countries, moves towards a substantial reduction in debt levels would appear to be unavoidable. However, as shown in this paper, the long-run welfare impact of debt reduction in advanced countries, both at home and abroad, may prove to be somewhat of a disincentive for policy makers. In particular, we find that under conditions of dynamic inefficiency, and when Home (U.S.) has a negative external balance and a lower capital production share than Foreign (China), both domestic and foreign welfare decrease if Home reduces public debt.     

Inflation‐Growth Profiles Across Countries: Evidence from Developing and Developed Countries

There is growing evidence from multi‐country studies indicating that there is a turning point in the relationship between inflation and economic growth beyond which the detrimental effects of high inflation offset the stimulating effects of mild inflation on growth. However, it is not clear whether it is appropriate to assume an identical turning point in the inflation and growth relation across countries at various stages of development. Using a non‐linear specification and the data from four groups of countries at various stages of development, this paper examines the possibility for a family rather than a single inverted U relation across countries at various stages of development. The estimated turning points are found to vary widely from as high as 15% per year for the lower‐middle‐income countries to 11% for the low‐income countries, and 5% for the upper‐middle‐income countries. No statistically detectable, long‐run relationship between inflation and growth is evident for the OECD countries. The results indicate the potential bias in the estimation of inflation–growth nexus that may result from combining various countries at different levels of development. The existence of such a degree of heterogeneity across countries at various stages of development also suggests the inappropriateness of setting a single, uniform numerical policy target applicable to all (developing) countries.     

Tax Morale in Transition Countries

This article tries to reduce the lack of tax compliance research analysing tax morale in transition countries. The empirical analysis using tax morale as a dependent variable working with World Values Survey data indicates that there is a significantly higher tax morale in Central and Eastern European than in former Soviet Union countries. This difference has increased during the transition process. Furthermore, the article shows that factors such as trust in the legal system and the government have a significant positive effect on tax morale in transition economies.     

Institutional Differences between Developed Countries

There are various institutional differences between developed countries. This paper examines two of them---corporate governance and welfare systems---in the context of historical development. It has been usual in comparing developed countries to categorise their institutions as being either Anglo-American or European Continental.
However, this paper shows that this typology may not be applicable to welfare systems, particularly in the American case. In regard to banking institutions, regulation has sometimes played a major role in determining historical development.     

Swidden Agriculture in Developing Countries

Small farmers in many tropical developing countries practice swidden agriculture. A key aspect of swidden agriculture is the time period during which the land is left fallow. This paper uses a new ecological–economic approach to study the fallow period and to determine the optimal length of this period in swidden agriculture. The authors first construct a theoretical model of a parcel of forest land that has been cleared for swidden agriculture. It is then shown how the dynamic and the stochastic properties of this cleared land can be used to derive two objective functions for a small farmer that are ecologically meaningful. Finally, using these two objectives, a probabilistic approach to the determination of the optimal length of the fallow period is discussed. In this approach, the focus of the small farmer is on maintaining the ecological and the economic sustainability of swidden agriculture on the cleared parcel of forest land (CPFL).     

Strategic Privatization in Developing Countries

Privatization of state‐owned enterprises may have important welfare implications, in particular in less developed economies where markets are small and domestic firms are typically relatively weak, both technologically and financially. In these environments, a high‐tech foreign investor acquiring the state‐owned assets may end up dominating the local market, thereby harming local consumer and producer interests. A foreign investor, however, is likely to be both willing and able to offer a higher bid for the assets than local investors. This paper addresses the trade‐off for local governments between privatization revenues and foreign market power. The authors find that there may be an incentive to privatize “strategically” by selling the state‐owned firm to a local (less advanced) investor at a lower price in order to achieve a more competitive post‐privatization market structure.     

Child Poverty in Wealthy Countries

Review of Child Well-Being, Child Poverty and Child Policy in Modern Nations by Koen Vleminckx and Timothy M. Smeeding and The Dynamics of Child Poverty in Industrialized Countries by Bruce Bradbury, Stephen P. Jenkins, and John Micklewright     

发展中国家的农业发展问题

发展中国家在获取政治独立以后,普遍都走上了寻求工业化发展的道路。在这一进程中,“工业化就是一切”,农业的发展几乎处于一种被忽视状态,有的国家甚至出现了“重工抑农”、牺牲农业、发展工业的倾向,导致了原本就很落后的农业更加落后。农业的停滞和落后从根本上制约着发展中国家经济的整体发展,阻碍了发展中国家现代化的实现。正如国外有些学者所指出的那样:发展中国家在第二次世界大战后一段时间经济上的糟糕处境是和农业政策的失误分不开的。     

自然垄断产业改革的产权模式

我国自然垄断产业改革至今,产权和企业治理机制等问题已经成为制约我国自然垄断产业继续深化改革的难题之一.本文通过考察自然垄断产业产权改革历史和主要发达国家产权模式改革实践,结合我国自然垄断产业产权改革现状和问题,提出目前我国自然垄断产业产权改革的主要方式以及改革中应注意的问题.