保险机构破解发展难题能力的实现途径

当前，我国改革发展处在关键时期，社会利益关系更为复杂，新情况新问题层出不穷。保险企业在市场主体不断增加．外部竞争日益激烈，内部改革加快推进，车险经营利润空间大幅收窄，各种深层次矛盾和问题逐渐显现，经营管理难题增多、难度加深加大，发展机遇与挑战并存的条件下，各级班子要带领本级机构实现“做大做强”、“更快更好”的发展目标，必须大力加强破解发腱难题、防范和化解经营风险的能力建设。这是保险企业面临的共同的重大课题。只有不断解决好这一课题，才能保证各级班子在驾驭市场动态的进程中始终走在前列，在应对各种经营风险和考验中始终成为员工队伍的主心骨，在加快公司发展、创建一流现代保险企业中始终成为坚强的领导核心。     

发展小城镇：我国城市化的重要增长极

城市化是经济发展的一项中长期任务,各国城市化进程既遵循着一般共同的规律,同时又有其特点和与其国情相适应的具体模式,我国城市化具体模式是发展大中城市与发展小城镇同时并进,在城市化进程中,有两个重要的增长极;一是发展大中城市;二是发展小城镇,发展小城镇是我国城市化的重要增长极。     

乡镇财政问题研究综述

近些年,乡镇财政问题逐渐成为困扰中国农村经济发展的难题,很多学者对此作了有益的研究,充分认识这些研究成果能使我们了解学术界对乡镇财政问题的研究现状,并且能从中找到不足和新的研究方向.     

Life-cycle economic model of small treatment wetlands for domestic wastewater disposal

Total system life costs (capital cost and ecological based on released pathogens) were modeled for two-cell domestic treatment wetland systems and compared to costs of traditional and emerging technology systems. Small treatment wetlands that were operationally effective for 20-years had net present value (NPV) costs $500–3000 less than those of sand filter systems. The same treatment wetlands were modeled as releasing ∼4 times pathogens, thus having a much higher ecological cost than sand filter systems. Wetland systems modeled using the highest possible pathogen treatment efficiencies still released ∼2 times the pathogens of sand filter systems. Treatment wetlands must function a minimum of 10 years before replacement in order to remain equivalent in cost to a sand filter lasting 20-years using a 6.25% discount rate. The maximum allowable installation costs for any alternative system (with no annual expenses) were $6675–7700 if required to be equal in total system NPV costs to wetlands. NPV costs were found to be particularly sensitive to uncertainties in installation and maintenance costs. Modeling indicated that the capital savings realized using wetland systems could be used to modify the simple 2-cell design such that both capital and ecological loads delivered to the environment could be minimized. Wetlands may provide a more sustainable option for communities if effluent is centralized and treated in an appropriately scaled wetland system.     

The physiocrats' concept of labour: A difficulty in Marx's interpretation

Abstract

This article explains the difference between the concept of labour developed by the Physiocrats and Marx. We show that Marx's interpretation based on Turgot is questionable. Whereas Marx bases his ideas on a Lockian definition of labour which puts labour at the origin of value, Quesnay and his disciples develop a mechanistic definition of labour established on Neo-Cartesian foundations. This particular concept of labour then combines with a bio-physical definition of production. The theory of the net product is therefore re-interpreted.     

Markets for Tradeable Emission and Ambient Permits: A Dynamic Approach

This paper discusses trade mechanisms in pollutionpermit markets. Proofs are given, that sequential,bilateral trade in tradeable emissions permitsconverges to a market equilibrium with minimal totalcosts of pollution control. If ambient or depositionpermits are traded, the convergence of bilateraltransactions occurs only in the case of a singlereceptor. For multiple receptors, the proof ofconvergence for tradeable emissions and ambientpermits is given for two trade mechanisms: sequential,multilateral trade and a Walrasian auction.     

Aging and Savings in Korea: A Time-Series Approach

Thanks to numerous empirical research studies, a general consensus has been reached on the effects of an aging population on the economy, particularly in terms of economic growth and savings. However, most of the previous research examines the effects of the aging on economically advanced countries. Furthermore, rarely have those studies used the time-series properties of the data. By applying two popular time-series statistical tools (multivariate cointegration analysis and vector error correction model) to Korean data, this paper finds: (1) There is a long-run equilibrium linkage among the aging, medical expenditure and savings; however (2) there is no Granger-causality present between aging and national savings in the short run in Korea.     

Retail Demand for Meat in Australia: A Utility Theory Approach*

This paper examines Australian retail demand for meat for the post-war period 1949-50 to 1978-79. Several systems of demand equations are estimated, each system (comprising equations for beef, mutton, lamb, pork and chicken) being derived from an underlying static utility function. Model selection procedures are used to determine the preferred specifications). The validity of the utility theory approach is investigated by: testing for the presence of autocorrelation; examining the monotonicity and convexity properties of the utility functions; and comparing the estimated price and expenditure elasticities with those of other Australian studies. Serial correlation does arise as a problem, but other results provide support for the theory.     

解释中国农村区域间的收入不平等:一种基于回归方程的分解方法

本文提出了一个分解不平等的框架 ,在这一框架中 ,诸如收入之类的因变量的不平等可以分解为相关的回归方程中自变量或代理变量的贡献。本文所提出的分析框架可以被运用于分解任何不平等指标 ,并且对回归模型的限制条件也不多。通过将Box Cox和Box Tidwel收入决定函数结合起来的方式 ,本文定量分析了导致中国农村地区间收入不平等的根源