Market Structure and Racial and Gender Discrimination:

The Annual Equal Employment Opportunity Reports and Current Population Survey files are used to examine employment and earnings by race and gender in the telecommunications industry following changes in the industry's affirmative action guidelines and following the divestiture of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. Nonblack minority men were the only underrepresented group to experience marked employment gains as managers and professional. The relative employment probability of other underrepresented workers remained similar to the levels experienced during the implementation of affirmative action guidelines. Earnings differentials did decline for minority men and white women in the telecommunications industry. However, this finding is only unique to black men as the earnings pattern for white women and nonblack minority men mirror that found for these groups nationally.     

How to Pay for the NHS

The Achilles heel of the NHS is its flawed financing of personal services by taxation, which destroys information on costs, weakens incentives to economise in scarce medical manpower and resources, and removes the inducement to pay more for better services. The NHS misguidedly reconstructed the supply of medical care to remedy inefficiency in demand. Basic medical decisions must be 'economic' in the light of opportunity costs, which require knowledge of prices by charging according to value and quality of service. Here Norman McKenna, formerly Managing Director of ICI Svenska, reveals the devastating failures of state medicine and offers the constructive half-way house of charging according to income, with requisite topping-up.     

Gender Pay Gap in Poland

In this paper we examine the gender pay gap in Poland over 1987–1996, i.e., shortly before and during the transition to market economy. The principle source of data used throughout the paper is the Household Budget Survey conducted by the Polish Central Statistical Office. The study documents three major results. First, the transition to market economy in Poland favored women substantially in terms of relative earnings differentials. The gender pay gap decreased by 10.2 log% points and the position of mean female in male wage distribution went up by 9.9 percentiles over 1987–1996. By 1995, the values of these measures reached the level observed in industrial economies such as the U.K., Austria, Italy or Australia. Second, rising relative skills of women and rising returns to skills explain about half of the fall in the gender pay gap over 1987–1996. Third, the pay gap did not follow a smooth adjustment process. 1989, the year of the first democratic parliamentary elections, which resulted in forming the first non-communist government, saw the most spectacular change, although actual market reforms began one year after. The changes in the early phase of the transition were mostly driven by sudden shifts in relative wages and employment across industries. Afterwards, the pay gap measures stabilized, partly because rising overall wage inequalities offset the advantages of females due to observed skills. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Using Occupational Preference in Estimating Market Wage Discrimination: the Case of the Gender Pay Gap

ABSTRACT Past occupational preference is used to estimate the gender pay gap. The use of predetermined variables in a reduced-form wage equation avoids the bias caused by using variables that are correlated with the random error. Using a gender coefficient, the potential discriminatory gap is about 11.5 percent when past occupational preference is included. Decomposition yields an estimate of 10.5 percent when past occupational preference is included. In both cases, the discriminatory gap is close to that obtained when actual occupation is included. This suggests public policy directed toward reducing hiring discrimination by gender might be misdirected.     

The Economics of Training Nurses in the NHS

How should the training of nursing be reformed? Keith Hartley and Alan Shiell, of the University of York, argue that the ‘Project 2000’ plan has been accepted by the Government despite serious flaws.     

Regulation, Unionization, and Racial Wage Discrimination: An Analysis of the Trucking Industry

A bstract . This article tests the hypothesis that increased product market competition of deregulation decreased employer and union wage discrimination in the motor carrier industry. Specifically, in each regulatory period, we estimate the portion of the industry racial wage differential that is due to racial differences: in driver attributes, returns to attributes, and unionization. Our findings suggest that enhanced product market competition directly reduces wage discrimination and may have a smaller indirect effect of further reducing racial wage disparities in industries with racially exclusive unions. These findings support the use of competition to reduce wage discrimination as opposed to government intervention.     

文化社会学视野下的欧美竞技体育领域种族歧视

本文从文化和社会学角度观察欧美竞技领域有色人种运动员的处境与遭遇,总结、归纳出竞技体育领域种族歧视的表现形式和形成的深层次原因,提出了要在竞技体育领域消除种族歧视的若干建议。     

辨析审价与审计 提升工程审价质量

文章对工程造价审核与审计从性质、依据、标的、约束力、从业人员等方面进行了对比分析,辨析两者差异,强调指出审价的职能是定价管理,审计的职能是监督,两者不能相互混淆。同时,从合理确定工程造价、有效控制项目投资角度,就做好工程审价进行了探讨,提出了全方位审核、全过程跟踪审核、建立内控机制以及加强人员培训等具体建议。     

对大学生就业中性别歧视问题的调查研究——以陕西省为例

在中国高等教育大众化,大学扩招的背景下,高校毕业生急剧增加,就业成为高校毕业生面临的首要问题,而在大学生就业过程中,女大学生就业中的性别歧视问题尤为突出,成为社会关注的焦点。本文通过对大学生、企业、高校三方面对女大学生就业性别歧视问题进行调研,结合国内外文献研究成果,系统分析女大学生就业性别歧视问题的成因、现状及影响,并在此基础上从高校、用人单位、政府和女大学生自身等方面提出对策建议。     

Low Pay,Higher Pay and Job Satisfaction in Wales

Abstract

Using the first six waves of the Welsh boosts to the British Household Panel Survey this paper attempts to explain the determinants of overall job satisfaction and four facets of job satisfaction in Wales, distinguishing between female and male workers and low-paid and higher paid workers. The motivation of the paper is the claim made widely in the EU that low-paid jobs are jobs of inherently low quality, in which case we should expect that job satisfaction would be lower in low-paid jobs. Since there are proportionately more low-paid workers in Wales than in either England or Scotland we would also expect to find that job satisfaction would be lower in Wales than in the other two countries.     

Disproportionate Black and Hispanic Unemployment in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: The Roles of Racial Inequality, Segregation and Discrimination in Male Joblessness

Abstract . Three common hypotheses about disproportionate Black and Hispanic unemployment among metropolitan males are tested, using data from the 1980 Population and the 1977 Economic Censuses. It is found that Black and Hispanic male unemployment is higher relative to that of Whites where jobs are most suburbanized and the minority population least so. This supports the view that segregation which separates minorities from job location elevates minority unemployment. It is also found that relative levels of Black, but not Hispanic, unemployment correlate positively to the minority percentage in metropolitan populations. This is consistent with the view that potential White gains from discrimination are greater where the Black (but not Hispanic) population is larger. Finally, both Blacks and Hispanics experience more disproportionate unemployment where their percentage of high school graduates is low relative to Whites, though this is less true for areas with larger Black populations. This suggests that job skill differentials also play some role in disproportionate minority unemployment.     

Discrimination in the market for public school teachers

We seek to provide an answer to the question, ‘How much is required to induce white teachers to teach in black schools?’ using cross section data from the Coleman Report for 1965. The conceptual framework underlying estimation is a model of the spatial distribution of teachers based on the theory of equal advantage. School characteristics, including student racial composition, intelligence of students, student motivational indicators and neighborhood hazards are found to be important sources of real wage variation in the teachers' market. The estimates imply that a minimum increment of $300 (and probably more) was required for average white teachers to accept average black teachers' school characteristics in 1965.     

The Use of SPlus Software to Analyse Event History Data: An Application to the Early Career Promotion of Nurses in UK

This paper discusses the benefits of using SPlus software to carry out longitudinal analyses such as event history methods. An illustration is provided using three-year career histories of a nationally drawn cohort of recently qualified registered nurses, who completed a diploma programme in the UK between August 1997 and September 1998. For the purposes of this paper, the time to first promotion is examined using a Cox proportional hazards model with a frailty term included, to allow for unobserved heterogeneity. The results indicated that men have a slightly higher rate of promotion compared with women, and particularly when compared with women who took a maternity break during their early career. Age is also a significant factor, with younger cohort members being promoted at a higher rate than their older colleagues. The inclusion of a frailty term to account for clustering at the university level also significantly improved the model. It is shown that SPlus, which is a powerful, user-friendly statistical package, can be easily utilized by researchers to carry out event history analysis as well produce high quality cumulative hazard and diagnostic plots using its sophisticated graphics facilities.     

淮安生态旅游资源开发与推广对策研究

目前,淮安市正全力打造"大旅游"业,努力实现旅游产业从一般观光旅游城市向生态休闲城市转变,不断提升淮安旅游的整体实力和综合竞争力。本文对淮安生态旅游资源在开发与推广过程中出现的问题进行了分析,并就开发原则、产业集群的完善、环境保护以及如何推广淮安市生态旅游等方面提出建议。     

推行绩效工资的体会探讨

推行绩效工资是事业单位建立岗位绩效管理的基础。本文主要阐述了推行绩效工资的思路、做法和体会,对实施绩效管理,建立绩效考核机制以及完善绩效工资管理制度进行了探讨。     

Gender difference and job replacement for mutual fund

This paper develops parametric shared-frailty models to analyze the likelihood of the spell time of job replacement. This empirical study identifies the importance of window dressing, herding behavior, and fund manager’s characteristics from the viewpoints of gender and performance differences. Finally, it considers how gender difference contributes to managerial turnover, while it finds that performance difference is not quite different among fund managers in Taiwan.     

抓好消防工作确保市场安全

上海工业品批发市场认真做好领导重视、组织落实、制度健全、加强管理、增强教育、硬件建设和措施到位等方面的工作,以经营促安全,以安全保经营,取得了连续48年无火灾事故的好成绩和安全管理的经验。     

从符号学的角度谈品牌传播的任务

文章以符号学的原理对品牌进行解读,指出了品牌是用以指称特定商品或服务的具有丰富内涵义的传播符号;并在此基础上,从符号的功能、特征及意义等方面对品牌传播进行分析,试图从符号学的角度归纳品牌传播的特征,从而指出了品牌传播的4个任务,为品牌传播实务提供了学理参考和依据.     

从符号学的角度谈品牌传播的任务

文章以符号学的原理对品牌进行解读,指出了品牌是用以指称特定商品或服务的具有丰富内涵义的传播符号;并在此基础上,从符号的功能、特征及意义等方面对品牌传播进行分析,试图从符号学的角度归纳品牌传播的特征,从而指出了品牌传播的4个任务,为品牌传播实务提供了学理参考和依据。