内部会计控制在企业的应用

一、我国内部会计控制的发展 1、内部控制与内部会计控制 在西方有关内部控制概念的演进过程中,内部控制制度阶段将内部控制划分为"内部会计控制"和"内部管理控制"两大类,即将与保护资产和保证会计资料可靠性和准确性有关的控制划分为内部会计控制,而与提高经营效率、保证各项政策的遵循有关的控制归入内部管理控制.     

中小企业内部控制的关键点

对于中小企业来说，内部控制分为内部会计控制和内部管理控制。内部会计控制是与会计工作和信息直接相关的控制；内部管理控制是与经营管理工作直接相关的控制。     

内部控制要素重要性及其变迁——基于一个问卷调查

本文以《企业内部控制规范-基本规范》为依据,对企业内部控制进行了调查,根据115个企业的有效问卷,经过统计分析,本文有如下发现:企业内部控制整体水平高于"一般",但未达到"较好"水平;与控制环境相比,企业更重视控制活动;在控制活动中,与间接控制活动相比,企业更重视直接控制活动;在控制活动中,与附加的控制活动相比,企业更重视融于流程中的内部控制;在控制环境中,企业对间接控制环境和直接控制环境的重视无差异;最近几年来,控制环境和控制活动都得到加强,控制活动的加强程度要大于控制环境;在控制活动中,直接控制活动的加强程度要大于间接控制活动;当整体控制水平不高时,控制环境和控制活动呈正相关关系.上述发现对企业优化内部控制和相关部门制定内部控制规范都有一定的指导意义.     

销售收款流程的输入控制

在COBIT框架下,企业级会计信息系统的内部控制是流程导向的,且分为一般控制与应用控制两大类,其中销售收款流程的内部控制以应用控制为主.应用控制分为输入、处理和输出三个主要控制环节.输入控制分为五个方面:原始凭证控制、信用授权控制、数据编码控制、校验控制、批控制以及对应的控制测试程序.校验控制分别从字段、记录和文件三个层次展开.除了对校验程序逻辑的直接测试外,审计人员可以通过检查系统生成的错误清单和错误日志来获得校验控制的合理保证.批控制建立了一个从系统输入、处理到输出全程的交易审计轨迹.系统通过两个文件来实现批控制——批传送单和批控制日志.     

浅析内部控制性态对内部控制实施的影响

内部控制内在需求、内部控制层次和内部控制人员素质相结合，构成内部控制性态。不同的内部控制性态状况决定了不同的内部控制能力，从而形成内部控制的先天优势和先天不足。内部控制先天优势的发挥，有可能使内部控制达到事后控制、事中控制和事前控制相结合的最佳控制状态；内部控制先天不足状况下，往往出现内部控制力量不足，最严重时，也有可能发生内部控制失控的最差控制状态。因此，在设计内部控制时，应尽量发挥优势，避免和限制劣势。对劣势之处，通过外部强制性要求和外部直接控制予以补充，以达到内、外部控制有机结合的系统控制优化目标。     

灌注桩施工质量控制方法研究

基于在成孔灌注桩基础企业多年的工作实践经验和教训,从企业对项目的质量控制和项目自身的质量控制方面入手,从项目质量事后处理到项目质量事前控制、事中控制和事后控制,提出了控制办法;从项目质量的粗放型控制到关键工序、重点工序控制,提出了质量控制方法.     

HIS环境下医院收入内部控制实现分析

内部控制包括内部管理控制和内部会计控制两部分。一般认为内部会计控制主要有:基础控制、纪律控制和实物控制。医院是面向大众的公共场所,医疗是防病治病的服务性工作,医疗服务过程中内部会计控制涉及的人员具有与商品制造销售不同的特点。     

企业人本内部控制:构建基础及对物本内部控制的改进

人本内部控制取代物本内部控制是企业内部控制发展的必然趋势,本文提出了构建人本内部控制的思想基础、理论基础和现实条件。相对于物本内部控制而言,人本内部控制在控制理念、控制对象和控制方式等方面有显著改进。     

对内部报告控制的重新审视

本文以内部报告控制的基础理论为切入点，分析了内部报告控制的地位与内部报告控制的程序，通过对内部控制、内部会计控制、内部管理控制和内部报告控制等相关理论的梳理、评述和比较，以及对内部报告控制的深入剖析，以期为所有关注内部报告控制的理论和实践人士提供一些新的视角和研究参考。     

会计信息化风险的控制与防范研究

风险的控制和防范，是实现会计信息化风险有效管理的重要环节。本文从会计信息化风险的控制与防范原则出发，构建了包括会计信息化战略风险控制、会计信息技术应用风险控制、会计管理风险控制、人员风险控制和社会风险环境控制的会计信息化风险控制体系，并提出会计信息化风险控制与防范策略：风险回避、风险转移、损失控制和风险自留策略。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

The Creation of the Office for National Statistics

A new Office for National Statistics was created in the United Kingdom in 1996 following a series of developments designed to strengthen the relevance and integrity of statistics. This paper describes these fundamental changes and sets out a blueprint for future progress. It also sets current developments in the United Kingdom in an historical and international context.     

What helps? Women engineers' accounts of staying on

We have considerable understanding of the obstacles that women engineers encounter and the reasons that they leave the field, but we know less about what enables them to remain. Adopting an interpretivist approach, this article examines how a group of British women engineers in two FTSE 100 companies account for “staying on” in their male‐dominated work settings. We delineate four specific forms of help that facilitate women's retention in the field. We argue that exposure to help leads to women developing a habitus that enables them to continue working in engineering. To conclude, we draw on our findings to outline HR practices that will facilitate supportive relationships in the workplace and pave the way towards developing more positive organisational climates.     

论现代物流企业的发展观

物流业经过诸多年的发展目前已经成为最热门的行业之一,物流企业的注册数量也与日俱增,达到前所未有的规模。毋庸置疑,任何企业都希望自己迅速做强做大,并成为真正现代物流企业的典型代表,要实现这一目标一个首要问题就是要解决现代物流企业的发展观问题。     

浅谈大体积混凝土裂缝的控制

大体积混凝土的裂缝问题是实际工程中长期困扰工程技术人员的问题,其控制技术的研究是混凝土结构研究的热点问题,具有重大的学术价值和潜伏的工程背景。     

Supply Chain Strategies in the UK Fashion Industry—The Rhetoric of Partnership and Realities of Power

This paper focuses on the fashion industry, one characterised by issues such as dramatic shifts in the scale and power of major retail buyers in the market, the advent of retailer own brands, and the nature of sourcing and supply chain decisions, issues that are increasingly global in nature. The aim of this research is to explore the nature of relationships between UK high street multiple fashion retailers and their contracted suppliers, many of whom are entrepreneurial firms by most definitions of the term. Four core themes emerge from the literature and provide a framework for the research, namely, power, process, partnership, and people. The research approach was qualitative, and conducted over a period of twelve months. The paper ends with an agenda for future research.