创新及其动力机制研究综述

亚当·斯密很早就认识到技术进步对经济增长的重要作用。以索洛为代表的新古典增长模型认为,长期经济增长率仅仅依赖于外生的技术创新。内生经济增长理论则认为,创新是经济增长的内生因素而非外生变量。而新熊彼特主义关于技术创新动力机制的五种模式,基本上构成了技术创新动力机制理论研究的核心。国内学者从多个角度论述了科技创新的动力机制,并且更加全面地将企业内在动力纳入科技创新动力机制之中,在此过程中,紧密结合我国科技创新过程中面临的种种困境和问题,更加具有针对性。     

基于双链的技术创新本征机理分析

技术创新是一个组织或群体通过调控基本要素,并对创新过程各个阶段进行协调,同时协调外部环境各因素进行系统创新的全过程。在此过程中,技术创新系统各主体互动协作,并通过价值链与知识链的互动作用发挥其协同优势。此外,在技术创新到可持续发展的作用机制中必须充分发挥循环经济、低碳经济的重要作用,同时还需通过建设开放型创新体系、完善政产学研协同机制、建立科学规范的评价体系、加强基础设施建设和创建创新文化环境等措施予以保障。     

基于WSR方法论的制造业绿色创新指数模型解析

绿色创新是制造业转型升级的重要驱动源,但目前对此尚未形成一个相对成熟的理论认知框架。基于系统论的角度梳理制造业绿色创新研究现状,提出以“物理—事理—人理”(WSR)方法论为指导的制造业绿色创新指数三维模型。其中:“物理”层面重点阐释制造业绿色创新指数“是什么”的问题,即以创新驱动为核心的制造业“资源—环境—生态—效益”复合系统协同运行状态;“事理”层面剖析制造业绿色创新指数提升过程中“怎样做”的问题,即制造业“资源—环境—生态—效益”复合系统关键调控机制;“人理”层面解释制造业绿色创新指数发展过程中“最好怎么做”的问题,即制造业“资源—环境—生态—效益”复合系统的管控立法机制。     

人、组织、环境:企业技术创新的三位一体机制

在学术界较有影响的几种技术创新运行与动力机制模型 ,其倾向性和缺失在于把技术创新的客体和创新主体割裂开来 ,基本上只是把技术创新看成是物质资源优化配置的过程。当我们考察技术创新主体在个人行为和研究小组层次上的运行模式后可以看到 :由创新环境、创新研究组织和创新者三位一体形成了技术创新机制 :从这一结构出发 ,有助于企业对技术创新作更加合理的审视、诊断和决策。     

人、组织、环境:企业技市创新的三位一体机制

在学术界较有影响的几种技术创新运行与动力机制模型,其倾向性和缺失在于把技术创新的客体和创新主体割裂开来,基本上只是把技术创新看成是物质资源优化配置的过程.当我们考察技术创新主体在个人行为和研究小组层次上的运行模式后可以看到由创新环境、创新研究组织和创新者三位一体形成了技术创新机制从这一结构出发,有助于企业对技术创新作更加合理的审视、诊断和决策.,     

智能产业创新系统运行机制及其对中国的启示 ——基于贝尔谢巴先进科技园区网络安全产业创新系统运行机制的价值网络分析

智能产业创新系统具有一套实现技术创新、促进成果转化的有效机制,包括多元创新主体相互作用和协同,共同实现产业技术创新;产业创新系统内的知识交流、溢出成为实现产业技术创新的基础与条件;制度、规则等为产业技术创新提供强有力的保障.本文基于价值网络分析法,具体剖析以色列贝尔谢巴先进科技园区网络安全产业创新系统的运行机制,包括以大学为枢纽形成多方参与主体协同创新的系统机制、政府投资和社会投资对创新创业风险形成有效分担机制、军事资源对科技创新成果转化和创新创业活动的催化机制等.以色列网络安全产业创新系统运行机制对中国构建和完善智能产业运行机制具有重要的借鉴意义,包括:强化技术创新的系统观念,加快构建不同产业的技术创新体系;完善产业创新系统的金融分担体系;充分发挥政府在产业创新中的重要作用;强化大学在产业创新系统中的重要作用;加大产业创新系统中的军民融合和成果相互转化;加快构建智能经济条件下的新型产业创新系统.     

基于技术创新的企业核心竞争力提升策略研究

当前,国家正在大力推动实施创新驱动发展战略,为企业技术创新带来新的机遇环境和政策条件。在此关键窗口期,企业家一方面要深刻认识企业核心竞争力的本质内涵及其与技术创新的互促关系;另一方面要充分发挥技术创新带来的外溢效应,发挥资源、组织、管理、市场等变革的积极作用,引领构造支撑企业高质量发展的核心竞争力。     

我国人口、经济、空间的城市化及其互动

为了探讨我国"人口、经济、空间"城市化系统内部互动机制,通过熵值赋权对中国1986-2011年的城市化水平进行了综合度量,利用VAR模型及相关检验对我国城市化的动态特征进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,我国的人口与经济城市化之间存在互为格兰杰原因的关联作用,但与空间城市化之间却呈现出单向的关联作用;进一步的脉冲分析、方差分解发现,产业推动的经济城市化构成了城市化系统的长期驱动因素,而户籍约束下的人口城市化的作用力度薄弱,政府推动下的空间城市化则呈现无序发展的特征;全面推进我国的城市化建设进程,需要进一步改革户籍制度、强化市场机能、约束政府行为,以推动城市化内部的协调发展。     

浅谈企业经济技术创新机制建设

正开展群众性经济技术创新活动,是企业党群工作参与行政的重要阵地,也是建立企业创新驱动机制的重要力量。笔者认为,要认清当前此项工作存在的问题,对症下药,发挥党政工团齐抓共管的合力效应,切实完善创新激励机制,为企业在市场竞争中永立不败之地奠定坚实的基础。一、企业创新存在的问题机制,是系统的内在联系、功能及运行原理,是通过一定的运作方式把系统的各部分联系起来,使之协调运行并发挥共同的作用。机制是企业作为一个经济有机体实现有效运行发展     

日美国家创新系统与企业技术创新互动对我国的启发

技术创新是当代企业生存和发展的原动力。在当今，企业技术创新很大程度受到企业整体运营机制、行业竞争、合作态势、社会经济环境、国家的技术创新政策和法规，甚至国际经济的影响和制约，而国家产业政策和创新政策成为推动企业创新的重要手段和依据。因此，研究国家创新系统对促进企业技术创新具有非常重要的意义和作用。 一、日本国家创新系统与企业技术创新的互动 日本企业技术创新的模式是：跟进公司·金字塔企业集团·增量性的技术创新。日本许多企业采取了“技术引进、技术消化和自主技术创新”的过程，日本的国家创新系统在企业技术…     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Ansätze und Ergebnisse anglo-amerikanischer M&A-Forschung

Based on a review of established U.S. management journals (1995–2003), six schools of thought are identified within the Anglo-American M&;A research: “Capital Market”, “Principal/Agent”, “Industrial Organization”, “Organizational Behavior”, “Human Resources” and “Strategic Management”. The literature review shows that the definition of M&;A success, the methods applied, and insights from empirical research differ according to the respective school of thought. Empirical studies focus on the resource combinations of merger partners, the specific circumstances of merger negotiations, and on integration management as antecedents of merger performance. Unfortunately, empirical findings have not yet provided reliable explanations for M&;A success. Based on the current state of Anglo-American M&;A research, the authors discuss implications for business practice, identify research gaps, and propose areas for future research.     

Introduction of New Technology with a Sound Transition of the Input-Output Structure

We examine the general equilibrium repercussions associated with the introduction of new technologies, using the generalized Leontief system that allows technological substitutions. We show that an untested introduction of cost-increasing technologies in any industry may result in creating a non-productive technological structure that does not satisfy the Hawkins-Simon condition, following the autonomous dynamic adjustment process with structural transitions in the economic system. Therefore, we propose a practicable control scheme of introducing cost-increasing technologies that strictly avoids the creation of non-productive structures in all periods of structural transition, using the available information on the ex ante technological structure.     

The Creation of the Office for National Statistics

A new Office for National Statistics was created in the United Kingdom in 1996 following a series of developments designed to strengthen the relevance and integrity of statistics. This paper describes these fundamental changes and sets out a blueprint for future progress. It also sets current developments in the United Kingdom in an historical and international context.     

What helps? Women engineers' accounts of staying on

We have considerable understanding of the obstacles that women engineers encounter and the reasons that they leave the field, but we know less about what enables them to remain. Adopting an interpretivist approach, this article examines how a group of British women engineers in two FTSE 100 companies account for “staying on” in their male‐dominated work settings. We delineate four specific forms of help that facilitate women's retention in the field. We argue that exposure to help leads to women developing a habitus that enables them to continue working in engineering. To conclude, we draw on our findings to outline HR practices that will facilitate supportive relationships in the workplace and pave the way towards developing more positive organisational climates.     

论现代物流企业的发展观

物流业经过诸多年的发展目前已经成为最热门的行业之一,物流企业的注册数量也与日俱增,达到前所未有的规模。毋庸置疑,任何企业都希望自己迅速做强做大,并成为真正现代物流企业的典型代表,要实现这一目标一个首要问题就是要解决现代物流企业的发展观问题。