International Financial Liberalization, Corruption, and Economic Growth

This paper examines the effects of capital account liberalization on the long-run growth of a developing economy. A general-equilibrium, endogenous growth model is constructed in which corruption forms an integral part of the governance system of the country. By undermining the profitability of innovations, corruption lowers the rate of return to capital and reduces the rate of technological change. The impact of international financial liberalization on long-run growth in this model can be either positive or negative. A drop in growth is obtained when the level of corruption is high enough to cause domestic rates of return to capital before liberalization to drop below those in the rest of the world. In this case, liberalization generates capital outflows, which act as a constraining force on innovation, reducing the rate of technological change and lowering output growth. On the other hand, if the level of corruption is sufficiently low, the capital account liberalization will serve as a boost to the country's technical change and growth.     

资本账户开放与经济增长关系综述

在新古典模型中,开放资本账户有效地推动了资源的国际问分配,使得发展中国家可以获得较低成本的资本流入,从而推动了该国投资的暂时性增加,带动经济增长,最终提高了该国人民的生活水平.经济学家们在这一理论思想的指导下,分别用横断面模型、政策实践观点和企业层面的实践考察了资本账户开放和经济增长之间的关系,其测定理论的研究显示出资本账户开放对资本成本、投资和经济增长有着巨大的影响.     

金融发展与经济增长:从动员性扩张向市场配置的转变

本报告在回顾中国金融体制结构与经济增长特征的基础上,运用干中学的信用扩张模型,结合开放经济中平衡信贷规模扩张与通货膨胀机制的探讨,揭示出中国高速经济增长中的货币、金融政策的特定制度安排。本报告认为,这样的制度安排可以有效解释中国转轨时期的高增长和低通胀,同时指出该制度作用下所存在的成本和风险,并提出从动员型金融向市场配置型金融转型的相应对策。     

金融自由化的增长效应——基于内生增长理论的经验证据

1984年中国开始逐渐放松金融规制.1993年确定市场化改革目标之后,以取消信贷规模控制与贷款利率市场化等为标志,银行部门实现从部分自由到基本自由的转变.理论研究表明,金融自由化通过水平效应、效率效应促进经济增长.中国的实证分析表明,在1984～2006年间,自由化降低了居民贴现率,提高了私人储蓄率;自由化对宏观投资率的影响为正但随时间推移而趋于下降.金融自由化的效率效应则随着时间推移而逐渐增强,有力地推动了中国经济长期增长方式的转变.     

Foreign Portfolio Equity Investments, Financial Liberalization, and Economic Development

Reform of local capital markets and relaxation of capital controls to attract foreign portfolio investments (FPIs) has become an integral part of development strategy. The proximity of market openings and large, sudden shifts in international capital flows gave credence to the notion that the liberalization was the primary culprit in precipitating the recent Asian crisis. Hence, this paper reassesses the benefits and costs of FPIs from the perspective of the recipients. Specifically, it discusses the various FPI contributions and presents empirical evidence regarding the relationship between FPIs and market development, degree of capital market integration, cost of capital, cross-market correlation and market volatility. It is clear that the evidence on benefits of FPIs is strong, whereas the policy concerns regarding resource mobilization, market comovements, contagion, and volatility are largely unwarranted. The authors make some policy suggestions regarding preconditions for capital market openings, market regulation, and liberalization sequencing.     

金融与经济增长的实证研究——以广东省为例

文章在对广东省1985年～2007年时间序列数据单位根检验的基础上,验证金融机构存贷款余额、固定投资、进出口总额与经济增长四者之间的Granger因果关系并尝试建立它们之间的计量模型。研究表明,金融是经济增长的Granger成因,但两者之间不相协调,也没有产生协同效应。研究进一步发现,广东经济增长没能有效地带动金融发展,金融发展滞后于经济增长。就此探讨其现有金融发展模式的缺陷,并提出相应的政策建议。     

经济增长、金融深化与全球经济失衡

文章建立了一个囊括经济增长、金融市场和资本流动等诸多因素的全球均衡模型,并采用ECM模型实证检验了这些因素对全球经济失衡的影响.研究发现,由于亚洲新兴国家和美国之间存在经济增长率的差异和非对称的金融市场,导致全球经济失衡.解决全球性经济失衡的根本出路在于改变现有的资产组合的供求关系,降低亚洲新兴国家对美元储备资产的需求,而美元贬值则并不能纠正全球经济失衡.     

Financial Liberalization, Property Rights, and Growth in an Overlapping-Generations Model

Using an endogenous growth model in which countries differ with respect to property rights protection, the paper analyzes the growth and welfare effects of removing capital controls, and studies the political support for a reform which improves the quality of property rights. When these are poorly protected, liberalization of capital movements may foster growth in the short run but eliminates it in the long run. The removal of capital controls may benefit agents at the time of liberalization, hurting future generations. Ceteris paribus , political support for a reform of property rights is stronger in the closed than in the open economy.     

The Financial Sector and Economic Growth*

The Mankiw–Romer–Weil (1992) augmented Solow–Swan ( Solow 1956 ; Swan 1956 ) model is extended to incorporate the financial sector in this study. Distinguishing between financial capital, physical capital and human capital, the research attempts to identify, in particular, the effects of financial capital on economic growth. The effects of financial sector efficiency on economic growth are also examined. The financial sector augmented model is tested on a cross‐section of 35 economies. Strong support is found for the model.     

通货膨胀、财政赤字与经济增长

铸币税和通货膨胀税作为政府隐性税收降低了居民可支配收入,通货膨胀与一般性税收之间的时滞对政府总财政税收产生了一定的影响,国内资本市场的不完善和政府对中央银行的直接干预是我国财政赤字和通货膨胀的主要原因,以通货膨胀促进经济增长不仅效果甚微,而且以改变居民经济预期的方式抑制了国内消费需求。     

Financial and Capital Account Liberalization,Financial Development and Economic Development: A Review of Some Recent Contributions

Abstract

This article presents a review of some recent contributions on the relation between global finance and economic development in emerging economies. It first, stresses the growing consensus among economists on the financial instability that financial and capital account liberalization can possibly cause in emerging economies. It then outlines and compares two alternative strategies to tame such instability. The comparison is between the “good-institutions need-to-come-first” approach put forward by some mainstream economists, and the request for a deeper reform of the existing monetary system advocated by heterodox economists.     

Endogenous Growth and Trade Liberalization

We develop an endogenous growth model in which trade liberalization has a positive effect on growth. This effect does not depend on marginal re-allocations nor on knowledge-spillovers. Rather, it is due solely to the increase in market size following the integration of product markets. Our result contradicts a widely-help view that trade on physical goodsper sehas no consequences for long-run growth.[F15]     

家庭部门债务、经济增长与金融稳定

基于135个国家和地区1960年至2016年的跨国数据,探究了家庭部门债务变动对经济体未来经济增长和金融稳定的影响。在此基础上,进一步分析了发展中国家和发达国家家庭部门债务变动对经济增长和金融稳定的作用效果是否存在差异。研究发现,总体上,前期家庭部门债务扩张行为会导致未来经济增速放缓,同时加剧金融不稳定程度,加大金融危机发生的可能性。对于发展中国家和发达国家而言,上述结论均成立,但发达国家家庭部门债务扩张对金融稳定的负面影响更大。政府和宏观监管部门应当采取适当的干预政策,做好事前风险防范,防止家庭部门债务扩张行为引发的不良经济后果。     

金融杠杆、杠杆波动与经济增长

本文基于68个国家1981—2012年的动态面板数据,采用系统GMM估计方法对金融杠杆及其波动对经济增长的影响进行了研究。实证结果表明,金融杠杆和经济增长之间存在显著的倒U型关系,即随着金融杠杆水平的提高,经济增速会先升高后降低,存在一个拐点。与此同时,金融杠杆波动和经济增长之间存在显著的负相关关系,这意味着金融杠杆波动性的加大会对经济增长产生明显的负面效应。根据相关实证结果推算,预计中国将于2019—2020年进入拐点区域,此后宏观经济可能面临经济保增长和金融去杠杆两个基本问题。为此,应积极加快经济的转型升级,同时采取稳健有序的去杠杆化策略,以实现经济增长和金融稳定的双重平衡。     

资本账户开放与系统性金融危机

本研究以全球范围内具有代表性的55个国家的跨国数据为基础,通过实证分析系统考察了资本账户开放和系统性金融危机之间的相关关系.实证结果表明,在资本账户开放和系统性金融危机的联系机制方面,重要的是开放方式的选择,而不是开放程度的高低:长期中资本账户开放程度的提高不会诱发金融危机,但激进式的资本账户开放方式会显著增加金融危机的发生概率.     

Industrialization, Economic Growth, and International Trade

This paper analyzes the relationship between economic growth, industrialization, and international trade in a two-sector endogenous growth model. With learning-by-doing, the economy grows perpetually along a balanced growth path, with manufacturing's relative price declining continuously. Under trade, its pattern of trade and growth will be affected by external growth. If it remains diversified under trade, its growth can keep in pace with the rest of the world. If the growth rate of the rest of the world is higher than a certain limit, the economy cannot catch up and will eventually produce agriculture only.     

全球经济增长、通货膨胀和金融风险态势分析

新冠肺炎疫情给全球经济带来严重冲击,但随着疫苗接种速度加快,全球经济正在逐步恢复.应对疫情的大规模财政和货币救助政策在短期内会推高经济增速,但未改变2008年国际金融危机以来全球经济增长的总趋势.新冠肺炎疫情暴发后,全球经济增长面临的结构性问题有所恶化.随着救助政策效力下降和逐步退出,全球经济增长中枢可能下移.受货币政策传导机制改善、财政货币政策协调性增强、主要经济体货币政策框架调整、流动性向实体经济传导效率提高等因素的影响,疫情后全球通胀水平将高于疫情前.2008年国际金融危机以来,全球金融安全网持续强化,应对新冠肺炎疫情引发的金融动荡进一步增强了各国危机应对能力.然而,疫情后金融市场与实体经济背离程度加大,风险进一步累积.全球将处于金融风险与危机应对能力均上升的脆弱平衡状态.在金融安全网保障能力不均衡、危机应对工具不足和疫情后发达经济体经济政策转向的影响下,新兴市场将面临更大金融风险防控压力.     

“金融抑制”对经济增长方式转变的影响

经济增长方式的转变归根结蒂是资源配置方式和配置效率的改善,而金融体制对资源配置起着决定性作用。我国目前的"金融抑制"现状从多个方面制约着经济增长方式的转变。资本市场的规模和水平抑制了中国企业的创新,使生产效率提升受到影响,风险资本家和企业家才能被埋没;国有银行的行政性放贷造成国有企业的预算软约束,投资效率降低并挤占了其他经济主体的资源,造成资源误配;大银行的规模歧视让中小企业的发展受到束缚,市场活力不足,市场的力量受到抑制;利率管制和金融产品的匮乏抑制了居民收入的提高,需求层次很难普遍提升,需求对生产方式变革的影响难以发挥。以上这几个方面都是经济增长方式转变的关键。     

Australian Economic Growth: Nonlinearities and International Influences

This paper considers the extent to which fluctuations in Australian economic growth are affected by domestic and overseas economic performance. We investigate the performance of a range of nonlinear models versus linear models, comparing the models using Bayes factors and posterior odds ratios. The posterior odds ratios favour nonlinear specifications in which fluctuations in economic activity in the US affect Australia's economic performance. Our results suggest that an exogenous negative shock will be more persistent, lead to greater output volatility, and have a greater impact on growth, than a positive shock of equal magnitude.