扬州评话书场的模式、运营形态及多重关系

在扬州评话的发展过程中,书场的形态发生了很大的变化,从露天书场、堂会书场、茶社书场、专业书场等,发展到当下的社区书场,它是扬州评话兴衰的历史见证。书场的经济运营模式也因时而变,从现场收费、门票制,发展到义务说讲。而书场中,书场经营者与说书艺人的关系、说书人与听书人的关系等都是评话发展中十分重要的链条关系。     

Beyond Homo Entrepreneurus: Judgment and the Theory of Cultural Entrepreneurship

In this paper, we embrace the critique of the contemporary entrepreneurship literature offered by Foss, Klein, and Bjørnskov, and applaud their advance of the Judgment‐Based Approach (JBA) as a way to broaden our understanding of entrepreneurial processes by contextualizing entrepreneurial action. However, we believe that to attain the promise of the JBA, a broader inter‐disciplinary engagement beyond economics is required. Drawing on theory and arguments in the cultural entrepreneurship literature, we emphasize the fruitfulness of foregrounding the role of culture – a theoretical focus that is marginalized both in the mainstream entrepreneurship literature and in the JBA. We compare the JBA and the Theory of Cultural Entrepreneurship and outline how a wider inter‐disciplinary research agenda could be advanced in entrepreneurial studies.     

国际创业背景下企业家精神的适应性调整——以温州企业为例

企业家精神是企业成长和经济增长的重要因素。本文认为企业家精神是一个层次模型,只有通过综合特质、愿景、胜任力和文化网络这四个层面才能揭示企业家精神的全貌,通过对温州企业案例的分析,检验了该模型的不同层次在国际创业背景下分别应进行怎样的适应性调整。最后,本文指出了该研究可能存在的问题,并对后续研究进行了展望。     

Entrepreneurship and Social Capital: Examining the Association in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods

Spatial approaches to examining entrepreneurship have increasingly built on theories of social capital. However, the nature and extent of local social capital in less successful deprived communities remains under researched and inadequately understood. This article examines the association between social capital and entrepreneurship in a deprived urban neighbourhood in the city of Leeds, UK as a means of contributing to an improved theoretical understanding of how space moderates this association. It is found that social capital has a strong association with patterns of entrepreneurship in deprived urban neighbourhoods, with the potential impacts being both positive and negative. The forms of social capital are found to differ from that found in more affluent localities, with a prevalence of bonding social capital as the key facilitator of entrepreneurship, which may help in the early stages of venture development, but which over time may become a constraint. Also, a lack of the bridging social capital associated with entrepreneurial success is found within the locality. From a policy perspective, it is recommended that policymakers responsible for entrepreneurship in deprived urban neighbourhoods should seek to enhance initiatives for developing social capital which incorporate local businesses, residents and local government agencies.     

The Context of Entrepreneurial Judgment: Organizations,Markets, and Institutions

The economics and management literatures pay increasing attention to the technological, competitive, and institutional environment for entrepreneurship. However, less is known about how context influences the judgment of entrepreneurs. Focusing on the emerging judgment‐based approach to entrepreneurship, we argue that economics can say much about how the organizational, market, and institutional context shapes entrepreneurial judgment. We describe entrepreneurs as individuals who deploy scarce, heterogeneous resources to service customer preferences at a profit. Because of uncertainty, this process is essentially experimental, and context influences the experimental process. Thus, entrepreneurs will seek to design the internal organization of the firm so that it facilitates internal experimentation. Moreover, the market or task environment determines the need for experimentation (e.g., how fast do consumer preferences change, how does technology evolve, which assets are available at which terms, etc.). Finally, the institutional environment influences, for example, the transaction costs of acquiring and divesting assets as firms adjust their boundaries through ongoing commercial experimentation.     

Time and the Entrepreneurial Journey: The Problems and Promise of Studying Entrepreneurship as a Process

We examine the growing disconnect between the process‐oriented conception of entrepreneurship taught in the classroom and theorized about in premier journals and the variance‐oriented conception of entrepreneurship that characterizes empirical studies of the phenomenon. We propose that a shift in inquiry from entrepreneurship as an act to entrepreneurship as a journey could facilitate process‐oriented research by initiating a dialogue about the nature of the entrepreneurial journey, when it has begun and ended, whether it might be productively subdivided into variables or events, and what if anything remains constant throughout the process. Finally, we propose that a clearer understanding of the entrepreneurial journey is necessary to distinguish the field horizontally from research on creativity and strategy, and vertically from research on more practical business functions or more abstract systems‐level concepts.     

产业因素与创业要素对创业影响的案例研究

本研究采用访谈、观察和资料收集的方法,通过对伟邦档案咨询公司创业过程的分析,探讨主要产业因素对创业的影响,以及创业的关键要素。主要目的是以此了解档案咨询机构要创业所应该具备的核心创业要素,以构建档案咨询服务企业成功创业的模式。     

Entrepreneurial activity in the informal economy: a missing piece of the entrepreneurship jigsaw puzzle

This paper takes stock of the current debate around the informal sector and informal entrepreneurship. Informal entrepreneurship represents a worldwide characteristic of entrepreneurial activity, the main distinguishing feature of which is that it is operating outside the law. Since what is legal can vary considerably between countries, studies of entrepreneurship which exclude informal activity must be considered partial. Moreover, it can be argued that the distinction between formal and informal is not black and white but rather shades of grey. Although informal economic activity is often more prominent in developing countries and transition economies, it is by no means confined to them. There are parts of the UK, for example, where local economies are dependent upon informal employment and for many goods and services. More generally, much of the home-based economic activities, such as cleaning, painting and decorating and other services, are typically provided, at least partially, in the informal sector. As a consequence, it is difficult to argue against including informal activity as part of the study of entrepreneurship, and particularly where the entrepreneurial potential of an economy is being assessed.     

创业拼凑与机会开发过程模型--基于大学生创业的单案例分析

在"双创"教育的指引下,越来越多的大学生投身到创业活动之中,如何提高大学生创业存活率成为理论界与实践界关注的焦点。本文以一家大学生新创企业为例,采用纵向案例研究构建了大学生创业情境下"机会-资源一体化"过程模型,揭示了大学生新创企业利用创业拼凑进行机会开发的微观机制。研究发现在探索期,新创企业以资源为导向,采用物质拼凑和技能拼凑,实现"发现型机会"的开发;在稳定期,新创企业以机会为导向,采用网络拼凑和技能拼凑,实现"发现+创造型"机会的开发;在发展期,新创企业以顾客为导向,采用客户拼凑和技能拼凑,实现"创造型机会"的开发。研究结果可为揭示创业拼凑内部机理的形成提供方向,也可为从校园走出的大学生新创企业利用手边资源、开发有潜力的创业机会、实现企业可持续发展提供有益的借鉴和启示。     

Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: A Comparative Study of the U.S. and Korea

Over the last two decades, entrepreneurship has emerged as a mainstream business discipline in the United States. Even after the collapse of the dotcom phenomenon, the global explosion of e-business and new business opportunities created by advances in information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) have widely popularized entrepreneurship for new venture creation. But while entrepreneurship is becoming more prevalent throughout the world, its education by country differs according to cultural context. This paper presents the results of a study on the impact of entrepreneurship education in the U.S. and Korea.     

高职工商管理专业创业教育支撑框架的探讨

文章通过对创业教育文献的总结,从创业教育与专业教育的互补关系的角度,提出高职工商企业管理专业创业教育支撑框架。并且,根据高职工商企业管理专业学生的特点,设计创业教育支撑框架,构建具有工商企业管理专业特色的创业教育课程体系,加强创业教育师资队伍建设,以及创业实践基地建设,以期达到提升学生的综合素质和增强学生的就业与创业能力的目的。     

对农民创业融资问题的探讨——以怀化市农民创业培训试点县为例

本文以怀化农民创业培训试点县为例,依托怀化职业技术学院对400余名农民开展了创业培训。通过实践证明,农民创业维艰的主要问题在于农业创业风险大、融资难、政策支持不到位等等。本文主要就创业融资难问题进行研究探讨,分析了农民创业融资的现状及存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Categories,Identities, and Cultural Classification: Moving Beyond a Model of Categorical Constraint

Categorization processes have gained currency in organizational theory. Categories are endemic to organizations and markets, serving as touchstones for organizational identity claims and for audience attention, legitimation, and valuation. Durand and Paolella argue for an expansion of current perspectives on categories, particularly that of prototype theory. Although we agree in spirit, we advocate an expansion of their perspective, which seems to focus primarily on the cognitive aspects of categorization and the force of their constraint, particularly at the individual level of analysis. We suggest three revisions to Durand and Paolella's arguments in order to extend the conversation. First, we advocate that categorization processes might usefully be understood by socio‐cultural perspectives that explicitly consider the role of audiences and the embeddedness of categories in wider classification systems. Second, we connect categorization processes to identity formation and maintenance at the levels of both the organization and the market. Third, we move beyond the constraining power of categories to consider their generative capabilities in processes of emergence and change. Overall, we discuss these in the context of organizational identities and cultural classification systems.     

Region brand legitimacy: towards a participatory approach involving residents of a place

Places have started to adapt commercial branding tactics. But how do stakeholders perceive such practices? Drawing on survey data from French residents, we analyse the advertising legitimacy of a place brand and its influence on the effectiveness of marketing communications in the context of region branding. The results confirm that advertising legitimacy mediates the relationship between exposure to an advertisement and its efficiency. The place brand is more legitimate when advertisements target firms, residents or tourists than when they promote local products through co-branding. We highlight a new expression of democratic legitimacy: a process adapted to hybrid (public–private) organizations.     

Evidence of Place: Becoming a Region in Rural Canada

The purpose of this article is to investigate whether place is emerging in practice as a critical dimension in the development of Canadian rural regions. Recently, Jones and Paasi set regional researchers the task of better understanding how regions ‘become'. In researching this question, we are particularly interested in the definition and expression of place‐based identity as a mobilizing force for regionalism. Our findings suggest that, while identity plays a critical role in fostering regional development processes, it is either too emergent or actively resisted within our research sites to be a significant force for place‐based regional development.     

我国高职院校创业教育的新模式探索——以青岛飞洋职业技术学院为例

"创业教育"是现阶段我国的一个热门话题,也是社会发展所必需面对的问题。如何在我国建立科学完善的创业教育体系是目前各高校积极探索的重要方向。本文以所在职业技术学院为例,结合近几年来学院在创业教育方面所做的工作,进行了创业教育新模式的探索,总结出了一条适合我国职业院校创业教育发展的新思路。     

Confucian Entrepreneurship: Towards a Genealogy of a Conceptual Tool

The concept of the ‘Confucian Entrepreneur’ is now used by many scholars to understand entrepreneurship in China and other East Asian countries. This paper traces the development of this concept from its roots in the writings of nineteenth-century Western authors to its use in modern management journals. We show that while this conceptual tool has been adapted over time, the claims associated with it have remained largely similar. Use of the term Confucian entrepreneur implies belief that Confucian ideas induce Chinese entrepreneurs to behave differently than their Western counterparts, a claim for which the empirical foundations are weak. We do not go so far as to say that those who research Chinese entrepreneurship should discard the concept of the Confucian entrepreneur simply because of its historical origins in colonialism. However, we do call on researchers to reflect on the historical origins of their conceptual tools. By historicising our theories of entrepreneurship, this paper should encourage greater scholarly reflexivity and thus the development of entrepreneurship and management theory with greater predictive power.     

地方及地方活化——南京近代基督教文化景观演化及保护策略研究

南京近代基督教的发展伴随着南京的现代化进程展开,尤其是1840年鸦片战争以来至1949年新中国成立,宗教文化景观超越了精神信仰范畴在更广阔的领域与南京的城市生活及城市空间发生着深刻互动,进而产生了独特的宗教文化景观.系统研究了南京近代基督教文化景观的空间演化过程,基于地方理论视角从视觉与结构、功能与现代化、记忆与认同等三方面总结了其文化景观特征,并探索了地方物质形态活化、地方城市功能活化与地方历史意义活化等基于地方活化的宗教文化景观保护策略.     

Solving the Entrepreneurial Puzzle: The Role of Entrepreneurial Interpretation in Opportunity Formation and Related Processes

Opportunity formation plays a central role in the entrepreneurship literature. The two dominant perspectives on this topic (discovery view and creation view) tended to consider search and action as the main mechanisms. Drawing on strategic issue interpretation view and managerial cognition perspective, we argue for the inclusion of a third mechanism (entrepreneurial interpretation). Specifically, we develop the boundary assumptions and testable propositions of an entrepreneurial interpretation model. Then, we show how entrepreneurial interpretation informs both discovery and creation processes. Overall, our theory provides an expanded understanding of how individuals form and decide to exploit opportunities.