Value Creation by Toolkits for User Innovation and Design: The Case of the Watch Market

This study analyzes the value created by so-called "toolkits for user innovation and design," a new method of integrating customers into new product development and design. Toolkits allow customers to create their own product, which in turn is produced by the manufacturer. In the present study, questions asked were (1) if customers actually make use of the solution space offered by toolkits, and, if so, (2) how much value the self-design actually creates. In this study, a relatively simple, design-focused toolkit was used for a set of four experiments with a total of 717 participants, 267 of whom actually created their own watches. The heterogeneity of the resulting design solutions was calculated using the entropy concept, and willingness to pay (WTP) was measured by the contingent valuation method and Vickrey auctions. Entropy coefficients showed that self-designed watches vary quite widely. On the other hand, significant patterns still are visible despite this high level of entropy, meaning that customer preferences are highly heterogeneous and diverse in style but not completely random. It also was found that consumers are willing to pay a considerable price premium. Their WTP for a self-designed watch exceeds the WTP for standard watches by far, even for the best-selling standard watches of the same technical quality. On average, a 100% value increment was found for watches designed by users with the help of the toolkit. Taken together, these findings suggest that the toolkit's ability to allow customers to customize products to suit their individual preferences creates value for them in a business-to-consumer (B2C) setting even when only a simple toolkit is employed. Alternative explanations, implications, and necessary future research are discussed.     

虚拟整合的概念模型与价值创造

本文在阐释虚拟整合概念的基础上,分析了虚拟整合与虚拟企业、供应链联盟、虚拟供应链、价值网、虚拟价值链等概念和理论之间的关系,并将其纳入同一框架下,提出了虚拟整合的概念模型;同时,对虚拟整合的价值创造机制与路径进行了分析和探讨,指出虚拟整合实现了合作企业的价值创造活动由实体空间向虚拟空间的延伸,而信息共享、跨组织流程再造、基于顾客价值的商业模式创新以及基于价值星系的开放式创新等则是虚拟整合在虚拟空间实现价值创造的主要路径。     

The Effect of Advertising on Pharmaceutical Innovation

Although there is much controversy in the economic literature about how advertising affects market competition, little is known about the effect of advertising on product innovation. We examined the relationship between advertising expenditures and the research and development activities of pharmaceutical firms using empirical data from eight therapy areas. This study finds that detailing advertising may have a significant positive effect on the number of new products entering into clinical development. Markets of chronic disease with high levels of detailing advertising were more attractive to pharmaceutical firms. However, the effect of advertising on new product novelty remains inconclusive.     

基于价值创造的企业财务管理模式探讨

本文阐述基于价值创造的企业财务管理内涵,从基于价值创造企业财务管理存在的问题展开分析,并以此为依据,提出精细化预算管理,开展合理的预算编制;推动业财融合,提高企业价值创造力;加快财务信息化建设,对资金进行合理分配等几个方面的措施。     

公司总部的价值创造

公司总部一方面可以创造价值，另一方面也可以破坏价值。公司总部如何创造价值可以由RBV的观点、愿景驱动式管理理论、核心竞争能力理论、母公司优势理论来加以解释，为了达到创造价值的目的，公司总部必须明确其功能定位并选择正确的管理模式，同时，还要避免各种价值破坏行为。     

The Role of the Interaction between the User and the Manufacturer in Medical Equipment Innovation

It has been empirically observed that 'under-standing user need' and 'good internal and external communications' are factors which discriminate strongly between commercially successful industrial product and process innovations and those that fail. The research reported in this paper examines how the innovating firm achieves desirable levels of these factors through multiple and continuous interaction with the user throughout the innovation process.
In the sample of thirty-four medical equipment innovations from eleven companies, twenty six (76 per cent) were developed through multiple and continuous interaction, resulting in twenty two (65 per cent) of these being successful.
There appear to be two major reasons for this high level of interaction: (1) the requirement that any equipment that is to be potentially introduced into clinical use first needs clinical assessment and trial; and (2) the 'state of the art' clinical and diagnostic knowledge resides in the user. A special relationship is, therefore, needed between the clinical advisory and trial team on the one hand and the manufacturer on the other.
The introduction to this paper reviews the findings of other work in the examination of the role of the user in the innovation process. Details of the sample, the methods of sample selection and classification of the data follow in section 2. The results of the research are summarised in section 3. These detail the nature of the medical equipment innovation process, identifying in particular the high level of interaction between the user, intermediaries and the manufacturer, resulting in good communications and understanding of user need. Section 4 attempts to determine the significance of these results for the effective management of innovation and suggest areas for further research.     

创意产业价值创造的内在机理与政策导向

20世纪90年代末以来,创意产业作为后工业社会的城市型产业一跃成为全球财富创造的新源泉。它的兴起要求我们全面地审视知识经济与信息化时代经济、社会与文化的全面转型给经济增长模式转变与城市发展带来的新契机。本文从广义创新的分析视角,就创意产业贡献于经济增长的具体途径、创意产业价值创造的内在机理、价值来源与特征属性等理论命题展开了深入的分析,以期总结出符合创意产业价值创造路径的政策启示,促进政府在引导创意产业发展中的能力建设。     

企业文化与企业竞争力--一个基于价值创造和价值实现的分析视角

企业竞争力归根结底是企业价值创造和价值实现问题。本文分析了企业文化与企业价值创造和价值实现的关系，分析了企业文化管理的成本问题，得出了以下结论：一种企业文化，只有当它在价值创造和价值实现两方面给企业带来的收益之和大于企业文化管理的成本时，才能提升企业竞争力。     

基于模块化的银行卡产业价值创新研究：从价值链到价值群

以往关于模块化的应用研究主要集中于制造业,本文是模块化理论在金融服务业应用研究的一次尝试。本文认为,银行卡产业模块化的价值创新机理就在于实现了从价值链向价值群的价值创新系统转变。我国银行卡产业模块化价值创新应该从三个方面着手:一是在产品模块化创新层面,着重银行卡产品设计规则参与、产品创新和服务标准化;二是在企业模块化再造层面,着重银行卡业务组件模块化和组织管理模块化;三是在生产网络模块化层面,着重外包策略和网络联盟在实现模块价值创新中的重要作用。     

商品价值的现实基础与价值论的创新

价值是人们相互交换商品的一种规范,当商品交换规则发生变化时,商品价值内涵随之改变。这种交换规则将随着社会生产力和生产方式的变化而变化。劳动价值论是以劳动作为确定商品交换比例的惟一标准,这种交换规则只存在于资本主义以前的社会。资本主义机器大工业时代商品交换的标准已经发生了改变。因此价值的来源也就不同于从前,此时价值就由生产要素的标准耗费来决定。     

基于价值网络重构的企业商业模式创新

建构价值网络逐步成为企业商业模式创新的重要方式,但狭义的价值网络观对企业盈利机理的解释并未突破价值链将投入转换为产品的传统逻辑。本文从更广义的价值生态系统角度剖析网络价值交换逻辑和企业价值的实现机理,从网络重构出发分析了五种不同的商业模式创新路径。本文认为,受竞争压力与技术变迁的推动,网络组织的价值创造逻辑呈现颠覆性变化:顾客价值创造与企业价值实现的分离。这种分离导致许多企业即使实现了顾客价值最大化也未必产生收入,尤其面对互联网的免费经济趋势,企业只有重构价值网络、拓展新的收入源才能实现盈利并保证商业模式的稳定性。     

在创造价值理念引领下推动产业融合发展

介绍了华电煤业集团有限公司组建以来,在创造价值理念引领下创新产业融合发展的成功实践,以及煤炭市场危机发生以来所采取的管理提升、科技创新应对举措,并根据当前煤炭市场形势和企业自身特点,提出了深化产业融合发展、推进持续创造价值的战略路径。     

价值生成分析:一个协同效应的理论框架

企业处在单点经济阶段,主要是追求规模节省或规模效益,但发展到多点经济阶段,能否实现范围节省或范围效益将关系到它的成败,所以协同效应是一个企业的一体化和多角化战略设计,以及产业链上下游的企业间合作所必然追求的一个目标。本文对前人关于企业领域协同效应的理论观点进行了综述,并指出了现有研究的不足。试图从价值生成的角度研究协同效应,提出了“协同效应=共用效果 互补效果 同步效果”这一基本的理论分析框架,并对资源共用、资源互补和同步协作的实现条件以及其生成价值的方式进行了深入分析。     

论全球价值链中我国企业创新与市场势力构建的良性互动

当代国际新分工是以进出口诸方在产品生产的多个环节上混合使用多种要素从而组成全球价值链为特征的,由于我国企业普遍缺乏市场势力致使发达国家跨国公司通常在国际竞争中处于主导地位,而我方则面临低端锁定、利益扭曲、引进依赖等不利格局。我国企业若能构建、强化市场势力,则可提升自主创新的动力与能力,扭转不利局面。本文从理论上探索了企业创新与市场势力良性互动的机理,进而在“环”、“链”、“群”三个层次上就如何构建“良性互动”提出了思路与对策。     

传统经济下编织工艺的价值创新设计探究

社会的喧嚣与复杂性,促使人们更向往舒适、自由的生活体验。人们会借助身边习以为常的衣物或饰品来增强轻松的生活氛围,因此为编织工艺带来广阔的市场发展契机。编织工艺独特的制作手法,为人们的生活带来新的情感寄托。本文通过对编制工艺的种类介绍,了解到编制工艺所体现出的价值。编织者们在作品创新设计中,可将传统编织工艺与丝绸、针织布料进行结合,进而提升编制工艺的价值。     

Exploring How Peer Communities Enable Lead User Innovations to Become Standard Equipment in the Industry: Community Pull Effects

Literature on new product development indicates that on average around 40% of new products fail across different industries (e.g., Crawford, 1977 ; Crawford and Di Benedetto, 2008 ). Out of those that survive only few become widely accepted standard equipment in the industry (Utterback, 1996 ). Literature on entrepreneurship (e.g., Baron and Shane, 2008 ) and on innovation (e.g., Christensen, 1997 ) shows that such innovations often originate outside the boundaries of established firms. However, it is difficult to understand and analyze the exact source of such innovations and the entrepreneurial processes by which they are developed. It is therefore the aim of this study to shed light on how innovations become widely accepted by large segments of the market and specifically which demand‐side forces are at work. An approach suitable for pursuing this objective is to focus on those individuals who are on the leading edge with respect to an important market trend (lead users) and their respective peer communities. As little knowledge is available, an explorative case study design is applied, working with cases from two different industries, specifically the medical equipment and sporting equipment industry. A longitudinal research design is used, extracting data from multiple respondents and various other sources such as reports, publications, databases, or community web pages. The research framework takes a process perspective by following the entrepreneurial processes from invention to commercialization and diffusion. In this process, micro‐level variables at the individual and group level are analyzed as well as the barriers to be overcome by the individual innovator and the community. The findings show that communities play a central and active role in the entrepreneurial process. Community members provide valuable feedback on the overall potential of the lead users' ideas, participate by making concrete development contributions, acting as testers of the new products, and finally helping to diffuse the innovations inside and outside the community. We identify two pull effects on the part of the community: first, community members demand and facilitate the development of prototypes; and second, community members help to cross the chasm between first adopters and the early majority. This paper has various implications for entrepreneurship and innovation research. For entrepreneurship, this article points out peer communities as a specific kind of social network that plays a crucial role in entrepreneurial processes. For innovation research, this article emphasizes the interaction between lead users and their peer communities in the process of developing the next dominant product design.     

模块生产网络价值创新的整合架构研究

本文建立了一个决定模块生产网络价值创新的整合性架构，认为模块生产网络价值创新的基本逻辑．就是网络内部的适应性主体通过组织柔性的专业化分工、互补性合作以实现协同效应．这些协同效应就是模块生产网络价值创新的主要来源。协同效应的实现还有赖于模块生产网络有效的自我治理．主要包括设计规则的可行性、系统竞争策略的有效性和标准竞争策略的合理性。这些治理活动镶嵌在既定的制度背景中，模块生产网络受到不同制度环境的限制．就会有不同的治理行为和不同的价值创新绩效。     

基于模块化网络组织的价值流动与创新

模块化网络组织是在价值模块化的基础上形成的一种新型价值创造的组织形式,其内部价值流动过程包括价值的创造、转移、实现和分配四个阶段。引导价值的合理有序流动,既是模块化网络组织治理的重要方面,也是形成网络协同效应、增强模块化网络组织竞争优势的重要途径。模块化网络组织能够通过知识创新实现价值创新,其价值创新机制具有边际收益递增性、顾客参与性和非均衡性等特性。网络组织内部成员企业以自身核心能力要素参与模块化分工和模块化网络组织的价值创新,能够形成网络组织整体竞争优势,共同创造和分享网络租金。