Outward FDI and Productivity: Micro‐evidence from Slovenia

This paper uses a rich data set of Slovenian manufacturing firms active in the period 1994–2002 that contains information on outward FDI and exports to different markets in order to test three empirical hypotheses that relate the decision for outward FDI to total factor productivity. First, the evidence supports the hypothesis proposed by Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple (2004) that more productive firms are more likely to invest in a foreign affiliate. Second, the hypothesis proposed by Head and Ries (2003 ) that less productive firms may be encouraged to invest in low‐income countries is rejected by the data. However, the main contribution of the paper is to confirm the third hypothesis that required firm's productivity increases with the number of markets that the firm serves, i.e. there is a positive relationship between the number of a firm's foreign affiliates and its total factor productivity.     

A Dynamic Decision Model of SMEs' FDI

Many scholars generally believe that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in comparison to large firms are at a disadvantage in foreign direct investment (FDI). However, new evidence suggests that SMEs also play an important role in FDI. Why do they undertake risk in other countries? We are interested in what factors significantly motivate them to go abroad. Taiwan's SMEs play a vital role in her economic development and outward FDI, and this study therefore focuses on the outward FDI of Taiwan's SMEs. We apply the hazard rate approach to perform an empirical analysis, taking into consideration the conditional probability of the element of time. Among SMEs, the lower the degree of "capital intensities," the larger the "firm sizes," the higher the "export ratios," or the larger the level of "R&;D intensities" are, the greater the intention will be to undergo FDI. The major factors motivating Taiwanese SMEs to conduct FDI in recent years are "utilizing local labor," "expanding markets," and "following major clients."

     

中国对外直接投资的贸易效应研究——基于面板数据的协整分析

本文使用2000—2006年我国对50个国家或地区直接投资和进出口的面板数据,运用面板协整模型和面板误差修正模型,对我国对外直接投资的长短期贸易效应进行了检验。研究结果显示:(1)中国对外直接投资与中国出口及进口均存在长期协整关系,在长期,中国对外直接投资对中国进出口的拉动作用相当大。(2)在短期,我国对外直接投资与出口及进口的长期稳定(协整)关系,对短期的出口及进口的抑制(调节)作用并不显著,对短期的对外直接投资具有显著的正向调节效应。本文还进一步讨论了这些结果的深层次原因以及相应的政策启示。     

我国对外直接投资区域选择分析

开展对外直接投资是我国在更高层次上参与国际分工、充分利用“两种资源”和“两个市场”的客观要求,加强对该领域的理论研究是十分必要的。本文着重探讨我国对外直接投资的区域选择问题。首先分析了我国对外直接投资区域分布的现状,第三部分从理论上论述了我国对外直接投资应选择哪些地区。分析表明,我国对外直接投资的区域选择应随投资目的的不同而不同,总的来说应开展全方位的对外直接投资,不同时期可以有不同的重点。     

The role of corporate governance in FDI decisions: Evidence from Taiwan

There has been a considerable literature on the determinants of why firms undertake foreign direct investment (FDI), but very little on whether firms with different governance characteristics are more or less likely to venture overseas. For example, are family-controlled firms more predisposed to FDI than firms, with similar attributes, but different forms of ownership? Does the presence of institutional shareholders suggest a greater propensity to invest abroad? Does the composition of the Board of Directors have an impact? Most extant studies of corporate governance focus on the impact of governance factors on firm performance. However, these performance outcomes are a function of the strategic decisions made by the firms, which suggests it might be useful to consider the relationship between corporate governance factors and particular strategic decisions. One example is the decision to undertake foreign direct investment. The two main strands of IB literature on the determinants of FDI have little or nothing to say about how corporate governance factors might affect the FDI decision. Both internalisation theory and the resource-based view see FDI primarily as a means by which firms can appropriate rents in overseas markets from the exploitation of their idiosyncratic resources and capabilities. This paper extends this literature by investigating the effects of governance factors on the decision to undertake FDI. In particular, we want to assess the impact upon the FDI decision of (a) the extent of family control, (b) the presence of domestic and foreign institutional shareholders, and (c) the composition of the Board of Directors. We investigate these effects using a sample of 228 publicly listed firms in Taiwan, and our results clearly indicate that family control and share ownership by domestic financial institutions in Taiwanese firms are associated with the decision to undertake FDI. We also find that corporate governance impacts in different ways with regard to Taiwanese FDI in China in comparison to Taiwanese FDI in the rest of the world.     

Institutional determinants of inward FDI: Evidence from Pakistan

FDI has been growing at a spectacular pace all over the world and emerging countries have been successful in attracting more FDI compared to developed countries. Institutional factors are becoming more important as determinants of inward FDI for emerging markets. However, research in this area is inadequate and also incosnsistent in terms of findings. In this paper, we have examined the institutional determinants of Pakistani FDI inflows and also examined the relative importance of those factors. The paper has found that certain institutional determinants such as size of the government, legal structure and strong property rights, freedom to trade and civil liberty have strong positive effect on FDI inflows. Among the institutional variables, regulation has been found to be most important to influence inward FDI flow to Pakistan. The paper has also found evidence that there was a structural break in FDI flows in Pakistan which coincides with market liberalization programme in early 1990s. This confirms the effectiveness of conducive institutional environment to attract foreign investment. Moreover, we have found that military government is more successful in attracting FDI compared to democratic government in Pakistan.     

FDI对我国贸易影响的实证分析

<正>改革开放以来,我国对外贸易与外商对华直接投资都取得了长足的发展。进出口总额从1978年的06.4亿美元增加到2004年的11547.4亿美元,比上年增长35.7%;外商对华直接投资由1983年的9.2亿美元上升到2004年     

对外直接投资对中国劳动力市场结构的影响

本文利用跨国企业(MNEs)的数据探究了中国对外直接投资(OFDI)对母国劳动力市场的影响。首先对解释促使企业转型为跨国企业的两种观点,即资源导向和市场导向进行了区分和说明。接着从实证的角度考察了该两种观点对中国企业层面劳动力市场的适用性,即中国劳动力市场究竟是市场导向型还是资源导向型。通过跨国企业层面的数据分析,发现跨国企业相对于国内企业而言,就业率一般会高出25%左右。该实证结果通过了多种稳健性检验,包括使用替代变量、额外变量、子样本回归以及倾向性得分配对等方法。     

Policy uncertainty and FDI: Evidence from national elections

This paper examines the impact of policy uncertainty on FDI among 126 countries from 1996 to 2015. Using the timing of national elections as a proxy for policy uncertainty, we find that FDI drops significantly in election years, when policy uncertainty increases. The negative effect of policy uncertainty on FDI also depends on the degree of democratization and the political system. In democracies and countries with the Assembly elected president, the decline of FDI in election years is far more pronounced. Our results highlight the role of policy environment and institution in economic development.     

美国支持中小企业科技创新的政策体系及其借鉴

企业创新是各国经济增长的主要推动力,美国支持中小企业科技创新的政策已经形成了比较完备的体系,在立法支持、财政与税收支持以及创新服务支持等方面积累了丰富的成功经验。我国中小企业创新发展对建立"创新型国家"战略目标的实现具有重要意义,通过梳理美国支持中小企业科技创新的政策体系,分析提炼其主要特征,力图为我国中小企业科技创新提供有益的政策借鉴。     

家族涉入对企业外包决策的影响:来自中国制造业的经验证据

文章利用重庆和浙江两地制造业民营企业的问卷调查数据,实证检验家族涉入与企业外包倾向之间的关系,分析结果表明:第一,现阶段中国家族企业外包倾向强于非家族企业;第二,家族管理权、领导企业的家族代数与家族企业外包倾向之间有显著的正向关系,家族或泛家族信任与家族企业外包倾向之间有显著的负向关系.研究结论对我国家族企业成长实践具有重要指导意义.     

The Impact of Bilateral Investment Treaties on FDI Dynamics

This paper investigates the impact of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) on foreign direct investment (FDI) in transition countries. FDI stocks are characterised by sluggish adjustment and a dynamic pattern. This leads to biased estimates of the contemporaneous impact of BITs on FDI in static models. In our application, the contemporaneous (short‐run) impact of BITs amounts to 4.8 per cent and the long‐run effect to 8.9 per cent in the preferred model.     

中国FDI激增对东南亚FDI的影响:基于1986-2001年板面数据的分析

近几年来,针对中国对外直接投资流入量激增这一现象,有些学者认为其挤占了东南亚经济体的投资。本文采用固定因素估计量,运用FDI区位决定因素模型来测算中国FDI与东南亚经济体FDI之间的关系。结果表明,1986-2001年间中国是提高而不是分流了其邻国的FDI。     

我国对外反倾销调查与外商在华直接投资研究

文章在综述反倾销与对外直接投资关系文献的基础上完成了两大任务:一是从反倾销与涉案产品部门外商直接投资的关系、反倾销与非涉案产品部门外商直接投资的关系两个方面分析了我国对外反倾销调查与外商直接投资的关联机理;二是利用合成数据模型对与我国对外反倾销调查相联系的外商直接投资的规模进行了判定。     

Outward FDI and profitability of emerging economy firms: Diversifying from home resource dependence in early stage internationalization

We investigate the effect of conducting FDI on the profitability of emerging economy firms in early stage internationalization. We argue that FDI can be an effective strategy to alleviate liabilities of emergingness, thus generating positive performance outcomes. We hypothesize that, contingent on factors altering motivation and capability of firms to diversify from home resource dependence, emerging economy firms can benefit from conducting FDI, resulting in a greater rate of intangible assets growth and enhanced profitability. Using panel data of Chinese firms prior to the global financial crisis, and through combining matching techniques with difference-in-difference analysis, we find empirical support for our arguments.     

The Impact of the Dual Board Structure and Board Diversity: Evidence from Chinese Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)

Chinese listed companies have a two-tier (dual) governance structure that comprises a supervisory board/committee (SB) and the board of directors (BoD). However, as there is no hierarchical relationship between them, the two boards are independent. This is different from the governance mechanism in Continental Europe in which the SB appoints the directors of the management board; in this sense, the Chinese two-tier governance structure is unique. We investigate the impact of governance characteristics and ownership structure on gender diversity of both the BoD and the SB for a sample of 892 Chinese Initial Public Offerings floated in both the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. We find that the average proportion of female directors and female SB members on the BoD and the SB are 10 and 22 %, respectively. Using both static and dynamic panel data methods, we find that there is no significant impact of board structure on gender diversity in China. However, we find a positive and significant relationship between SB size and gender diversity. We also find that the higher the state ownership, the lower the female representation on both boards. Finally, our findings show that there is a bi-directional relationship between financial performance and the proportion of female directors sitting on the BoD.     

“二元”对外直接投资与贸易结构:机理与来自我国的证据

本文针对我国对外直接投资的现实情况,从对外直接投资的二元路径——顺梯度OFDI与逆梯度OFDI(Outward Foreign Direct investment),研究了二元对外直接投资影响贸易结构的机理,并利用我国1984-2008年的数据进行了验证,研究表明,我国对外直接投资较大地促进了我国贸易结构的升级;国内产业结构优化与研发利用率提高均能优化我国贸易结构;汇率水平的变动在我国贸易结构长期调整中并无显著影响。     

FDI促进国内投资的最优规模——理论模型与中国实证

本文首先构建了一个FDI影响国内投资的理论模型,说明存在一个最优的FDI规模,此时FDI对国内投资的促进作用最大。然后利用1985-2005年我国省区面板数据进行了实证检验。考虑到投资在不同地区之间的空间相关性,估计方法上采用最新提出的空间GM方法。结果发现:我国确实存在一个最优的FDI规模,约占GDP的6%;我国大部分省区的FDI小于这个最优规模,而FDI超过最优规模的省区主要集中在东部地区;从FDI对国内投资的长期效应来看,东部地区要低于中西部地区。     

外商投资对内资工业部门利润率的影响研究

本文利用1999-2006年我国36个工业行业的面板数据,运用系统广义矩(system-GMM)和两阶段最小二乘(TSLS)估计方法,就外商投资对内资工业部门利润率的影响程度及方向展开经验研究。结果表明,从总体上看,外商投资不利于内资工业部门利润率的提高,但内资工业部门内部的市场竞争对其盈利能力的不利影响更大。规模效应和研发投入对提高内资工业部门利润率具有重要的促进作用。另外,对于不同类型的内资工业部门,外商投资对其利润率的影响程度及方向具有明显的差异。