我国汽车产业FDI与自主创新能力提升的实证研究

汽车产业备受国人关注.特别是近些年来,中国汽车产业通过大量吸收外商直接投资,实现了高速增长.同时,我们必须看到,中国汽车产业自主创新能力还很薄弱,与我们这样的汽车产销大国的地位不相匹配.本文通过对我国汽车产业中FDI与自主创新能力的实证研究,发现外商直接投资对我国汽车产业自主创新能力具有积极作用,并由此提出促进我国汽车产业自主创新能力,进一步提高的措施.     

我国新能源汽车产业破坏性创新的政策支持研究

提高新能源汽车产业创新水平、将新能源汽车产业置于国民经济战略性新兴产业的地位予以支持已成为世界大国博弈的重要命题.文章将破坏性创新理论用于指导我国的新能源汽车产业政策,在公共科技政策分析的基本政策工具框架下,采用内容分析法分析了2009年至今我国新能源汽车产业创新的政策支持体系;对特斯拉汽车成功进行破坏性创新的案例及对我国的启示作了实证研究,进而提出我国新能源汽车产业破坏性创新的政策建议.     

技术创新演进中我国工业企业低碳转型模式初探

在全球大力发展低碳经济的背景下,研究我国工业企业低碳生产转型,成为衡量工业现代化建设水平的重要标准之一。在技术创新的演进中,本文通过文献梳理,提出企业管理者、企业类型、企业规模、能源消耗、技术能力、政府参与和ISO14000环境管理都是显著影响企业低碳技术使用意愿和行为的主要因素,初步探明我国工业企业低碳生产转型模式。为今后的深入研究奠定理论和政策基础。     

基于转变经济发展方式的产业链动态演进

本文基于转变经济发展方式要求,从理论和实践上对产业链动态演进的内涵和演进趋势进行了初步研究,并结合典型企业分析和总结了产业链从初级向高级动态演进的趋势:形成初期的纵向生产链、形成中期的配套协作链、加快发展期的循环生产链、成熟期的供应关系链、蜕变期的文化价值链。基于产业链动态演进规律,本文提出了新时期产业链动态演进的趋势及其相关建议。     

The Role of Public and Private Protection in Disruptive Innovation: The Automotive Industry and the Emergence of Low‐Emission Vehicles

In the automotive industry, the need to move toward more sustainable trajectories of innovation has received much attention. Car manufacturers have started to develop lower emission alternatives for the internal combustion engine, particularly electric, hybrid, and fuel‐cell vehicles. They face the challenge, however, of how to make a potentially disruptive, systemic, and societally embedded technology such as a low‐emission vehicle attractive to mainstream customers. While literature has suggested that companies can empower the initial stages of disruptive innovation by creating protected spaces themselves and/or by taking advantage of such spaces created by public actors, the specific role of these different types of protection levers—private and/or public—has remained unclear. This article therefore investigates to what extent and how private and public protection levers affect firm‐level strategies to increase the attractiveness of disruptive and systemic innovations to mainstream customers. This is explored empirically through a multiple case study of the emergence of low‐emission vehicles within three car manufacturers—Daimler, General Motors, and Toyota—in the context of European, Japanese, and U.S. policies. The empirical analysis is conducted on a data set consisting of more than 9000 articles from two trade magazines, a car magazine and a financial newspaper for the period of 1997–2010. As main findings, the article identifies regulation, tax incentives, and public–private partnerships as the public protection levers that impose or stimulate “new” performance metrics such as fuel economy and vehicle emissions. It also finds that resource allocation, niche occupation, and collaboration‐integration act as the main private protection levers. In addition, two protection levers emerge from the data that are rather prominent in this context: the use of regulation imposing large‐scale commercialization of low‐emission vehicles and dumping of products in the market below cost price. The article concludes with two different protection trajectories—a public protection trajectory and a private protection trajectory—which explain how car manufacturers leverage the various protection levers to deal with disruptive technology. The main implication of the two trajectories is that while the public protection trajectory stalled due to the systemic, socially embedded technological impediments of electric vehicles and fuel‐cell vehicles, the private protection trajectory picked up the remains of the public protection trajectory and has gained momentum, continuing until today.     

即发集团创新与转型研究

中国青岛即发集团近年来结合企业实际,努力探索实现企业增长方式转型、发展模式创新的具体操作方式,走出一条符合中国企业实际、具有中国特色的发展低碳企业经济的新路。即发集团从容应对世界金融危机带来的重大影响,展现了中国企业的风采;高举"企业社会责任"的大旗,赢得了国内外客户和消费者的信任;确立从2010年算起,三到五年实现企业营业收入突破百亿元,成为中国最有竞争力的现代化企业的更高发展目标。     

企业文化变革与创新——“变革中的电力企业文化”专题交流讨论会侧记

2006年10月13日下午,在中国职工之家三层多功能厅“全国电力行业企业管理经验交流会暨2006中国电力企业管理论坛”上,以“变革中的电力企业文化”为主题的“文化大餐”在这里拉开了帷幕。这是相关电力论坛上首次采用专家、企业嘉宾与主持人和会议代表互动交流讨论的一次尝试,参加讨论的16位企业嘉宾和3位专家及主持人,紧扣企业文化建设与创新的主题,在互动过程中,生动体现了电力企业文化理念的精彩提炼、建设过程的高度总结、传统特色的丰富演绎和文化内核的深刻点评,把电力企业文化建设与创新活动推向了一个新高度,对电力企业文化落地和企…     

Innovation and Merger Decisions in the Pharmaceutical Industry

There is increasing public policy concern about the potentialeffects of mergers on innovation. This paper provides acomparative analysis of approaches to innovational competitiontaken by the E.U. and U.S. merger authorities in a sample of threerecent, major, pharmaceutical mergers. The European Commission'sapproach appears lighter handed and places more explicit emphasison effects in downstream markets. The uncertainties in the analysisof dynamic effects of mergers on innovation, even in pharmaceuticals,suggest the need for a cautious approach and for careful framingof any merger remedies where R & D projects and components, ratherthan approved drugs, are involved.     

2005年世界和中国石化工业综述

尽管受原油价格高涨等因素影响,2005年世界经济增长较上年有所放缓,但世界石油石化工业仍处于景气上升阶段,呈现继续增长态势:全球石油产量保持稳定,石化产品需求继续增加,主要石化公司盈利普遍增长;乙烯生产能力持续增长;世界石化生产基地明显东移,在亚洲与中东的投资稳步推进;跨国石油公司趋向巨型并购,私有资本在并购领域相当活跃;主要替代能源在石化领域的开发利用前景看好.2005年中国经济持续快速增长引领国内石油石化行业生产与消费的增长:油气产量稳步上升,主要石化产品产量位于世界前列,生产与效益再创新高.同时,我们也应看到,在石油石化投资主体多元化发展、新一轮石油石化投资高涨的情况下,某些领域的建设较为集中,投资风险开始显现的问题不容忽视.     

中国新能源汽车产业创新系统功能演化研究--兼论政府措施的作用

新能源汽车产业是中国重点发展的七大战略性新兴产业之一,剖析其创新系统的发展与完善过程,识别发展过程中的影响因素,并了解政府在这一演化过程中如何进行介入和引导,对新能源汽车以及其他新兴产业的发展具有重要的理论与实践价值。本文以创新系统功能理论为基础,构建了针对中国新能源汽车产业创新系统演化分析的功能框架,剖析了中国新能源汽车产业创新系统功能体系的发展与完善过程,同时讨论了政府措施在这一过程中的引导与支撑作用。研究发现,中国新能源汽车产业创新体系正处于快速完善阶段,知识获取、产业制度体系建设等功能已经成熟,而基础设施与支撑平台建设、产业链整合与升级以及正向外部性创造等功能仍有待于进一步完善。同时发现,这一过程中政府采取的各种措施与产业发展过程中遇到的阻碍因素密切相关,措施的类型与着力点也随着各种阻碍因素的出现不断变化,发挥了积极的引导作用。     

世界经济格局演变中的国际货币格局调整

世界经济发展史表明世界经济格局的演变必然会引起国际货币格局的相应变化,然而历史也同样表明,二者的演变与调整并非协调一致。文章以世界经济格局演变为线索来分析国际货币格局调整的轨迹。在此基础上,对货币格局的调整趋势做出预测,概括出世界经济格局演变中的国际货币格局调整的特征,针对国际货币格局调整得出相应的结论和启示。     

全球乙烯工业最新发展动态

未来五年,全球乙烯需求年均增长率将提高到4.3%,乙烯生产能力年增长率将达到5.4%.到2010年,全球乙烯的供应量将达到1.33亿吨,新增生产能力主要集中在亚洲(36%)和中东(51%).到2010年,预计中东的乙烯生产能力将占全球总生产能力的20%.2005～2010年全球以乙烷为原料生产乙烯的年增长速度为7.1%.由于新增乙烯生产能力将在2009～2010年投产,届时全球乙烯生产能力的利用率将降至87.5%～88.5%.目前,新建的乙烯装置采用许多先进的设计.对已建装置来说,不进行巨大投资也可提高装置运行性能,有效的方法包括:改变石脑油的终馏点;避免油泥进入石脑油和裂解炉;采用在线设备监测设备运转状态;在线添加化学添加剂;水力学脱瓶颈.     

中国工业的技术创新

随着工业化的不断深化,技术创新的关键性作用日益突出。由于中国是一个发展中国家,产业转移是推动我国产业发展的强大动力。所以迄今为止,我国大多数产业的技术来源主要都是西方国家的产业技术扩散。但是,中国不能长期处于低端产业、低附加值的国际分工地位。要形成持续的竞争力和保持持续增长的空间,就必须在技术创新上有新的作为,即把产业发展的基点放在技术创新,特别是发展具有自主知识产权以至拥有核心技术的基础之上。丰富的劳动力资源是我国产业发展的一大优势,但对技术进步而言则是一个影响比较复杂的因素。中国产业技术的选择不能不反映劳动力丰富这一重要的资源禀赋条件,又不能使巨大的劳动力就业压力成为抑制中国产业技术进步的消极因素,影响中国产业顺应世界产业技术发展的基本线路,实现向高层次、高技术价值链的推进和升级。这是中国产业技术创新过程中的一个具有重大战略意义的问题。在传统计划经济体制下,推动我国产业技术进步的主体是政府。改革开放以来,企业在技术创新和技术进步过程中的作用逐步增强。这不仅表现为自20世纪90年代中期以来,我国的R&D支出持续增长,而且表现为企业逐步成为技术创新的主体。中国工业以至中国经济未来的发展前途将越来越依赖于技术创新,以技术创新推动工业     

2001年世界和中国石化工业综述

2001年世界经济步入衰退。全球石化工业遭受重划,经济效益大幅下降。全球乙烯能力仍在大幅增长,但乙烯需求近20年来首次出现下降,全球乙烯供需严重失衡,石化工业开始进入薄利时代。展望全球石化工业,未来10年内将出现崭新格局。行业门槛提高,弱小经营者将加快退出,一体化的石油石化公司和能够低成本原料的化工公司将居于支配地位。投资将日益流向低成本生产地区,尤其是中东和加拿大西部地区。2001年中国石化产品需求量再创历史新高,在国内主要石化产品的产量稳步增长的同时,化产品进口量继续大幅增长,石化行业投资主体逐步呈多元化趋势。为应对加入WTO的挑战,我国石经行业亟须深化改革和调整结构,拓展市场,扩大资源,降低成本,实现内涵发展,促进产业级,以增强竞争能力。     

MP3技术与美国音乐产业演化

近年来，MP3技术以及互联网技术的普及兴盛对传统音乐产业带来了前所未有的冲击。本文以美国音乐产业为研究对象，运用历史研究与多个案研究等方法，从产业与企业两个层面对信息技术冲击下的音乐产业变革过程做了较为深入地分析，并给出了相应的建议。     

甘肃省产业空间格局演变及特点

以甘肃1995年以来的数据,借助Arcview软件制图,分析了甘肃省经济空间结构、三产业空间格局演变过程及特点。结果表明:1995年以来,甘肃省经济空间结构没有显著变化,呈现以兰州市为极点的单极核经济结构;产业结构逐步优化,工业发展是甘肃省经济增长的主要动力,矿产资源分布状况与工业化存在内在的联系和耦合关系,也是经济空间结构形成和演化的重要原因。     

Innovation and Product Development Strategies in the Italian Motorcycle Industry

The motorcycle industry in Italy offers fertile ground for anyone interested in developing a better understanding of the role innovation plays in enhancing a firm's competitive position. This industry includes both domestic and Japanese firms, with companies ranging from high-volume manufacturers to specialty or niche producers. Firms trying to gain a competitive edge in this crowded field must contend with not only advances in product and process technology, but also the whims of fashion. In a survey of top-level marketing and product development managers from eight leading firms in the Italian motorcycle industry, Moreno Muffatto and Roberto Panizzolo explore the innovation models these firms employ to enhance their competitive position. Their study has the following objectives: categorizing the various competitors in terms of their product and market strategies and their product development and innovation strategies; highlighting differences between the methods of Italian and Japanese firms competing in this market; analyzing the relationships between firms, as well as the roles suppliers play in the various innovation strategies; and identifying the various organizational models employed by the firms in this industry. Different product and market strategies are identified on the basis of three variables: total production volume, the number of different products offered, and the number of different engine capacities offered. Using these variables, the companies in the study are categorized as volume producers, specialists, or niche specialists. The firms are further differentiated on the basis of the relative emphasis each places on product technology and design, product innovation, product variety, and time-based competition. In the firms studied, partnerships play a key role in new product development. Nearly every firm participates in joint projects, most often involving development of either an entire vehicle or an engine. Other partnerships involve firms in countries that offer emerging markets for the motorcycle industry. Organizational structures and strategies employed by the volume producers in this study include: the large product leader, who oversees concept definition and product planning; the project leaders group, which coordinates all phases of development, including activities assigned to external groups; the project managers matrix, a matrix organizational structure with a strong product orientation; and the business unit program manager, who oversees all projects within an independent business unit.     

The Attributes of a Costly Recall: Evidence from the Automotive Industry

While researchers have extensively documented the equity response to product recalls and subsequent shareholder losses, less attention in the literature has been given to examining the damaging recall attributes. Using 1973–1998 automotive safety recall data, this study identifies the kinds of recalls that cause significant shareholder losses. After constructing an equally-weighted automotive market index to control for industry effects and adjusting the abnormal returns to account for the degree of surprise in the recall announcement, the study estimates both percentage and real dollar abnormal returns. We find that the indirect costs of automotive recalls are likely larger than the direct costs.     

全球价值链理论与我国产业发展研究

随着生产和贸易全球化的不断深入,世界价值创造体系在全球出现了前所未有的垂直分离和再构。面对这一国际分工大转换的背景,本文旨在通过引入全球价值链理论对我国如何面对全球产业转移和竞争有一个由宏观到微观多层次多角度系统的认识。本文回顾了全球价值链理论20多年的形成历程,理清理论传承和主要研究思路;对全球价值链理论中的动力机制、治理结构、产业升级等诸多方面进行了概括性探究和由此引发的诸多发展启示;最后,给出了研究和应用全球价值链理论的一些总结和建议。