我国汽车产业FDI与自主创新能力提升的实证研究

汽车产业备受国人关注.特别是近些年来,中国汽车产业通过大量吸收外商直接投资,实现了高速增长.同时,我们必须看到,中国汽车产业自主创新能力还很薄弱,与我们这样的汽车产销大国的地位不相匹配.本文通过对我国汽车产业中FDI与自主创新能力的实证研究,发现外商直接投资对我国汽车产业自主创新能力具有积极作用,并由此提出促进我国汽车产业自主创新能力,进一步提高的措施.     

我国新能源汽车产业破坏性创新的政策支持研究

提高新能源汽车产业创新水平、将新能源汽车产业置于国民经济战略性新兴产业的地位予以支持已成为世界大国博弈的重要命题.文章将破坏性创新理论用于指导我国的新能源汽车产业政策,在公共科技政策分析的基本政策工具框架下,采用内容分析法分析了2009年至今我国新能源汽车产业创新的政策支持体系;对特斯拉汽车成功进行破坏性创新的案例及对我国的启示作了实证研究,进而提出我国新能源汽车产业破坏性创新的政策建议.     

基于城市视角下新能源汽车产业技术创新效率评价

在能源和环境问题日益凸显的情况下,新能源汽车的发展无疑为我国汽车产业的发展提供了新 的契机。借鉴区域和产业技术创新效率评价研究范式,结合新能源汽车特点,论文有针对性 地选取评价指标,以11个新能源汽车主要推广城市创新数据为基础,在城市视角下应用主成 分分析与DEA的组合方法,定量评价了其技术创新效率。通过对投入产出数据的DEA有效性进 行对比分析,发现这11个城市的整体技术创新效率偏低,主要是受规模效率与纯技术效率交 叉作用影响,且普遍存在新产品开发投入冗余、研发支出投入过多、企业规模不合理和资源 利用效率不高等问题。最后根据分析结果进一步提出了对策建议。     

The Impact of Local Demand on Innovation in a Global Industry

Localization of knowledge flows has been extensively examined in the literature on innovation. However, almost all previous research has focused on technological knowledge. This study examines why knowledge of demand can also be tacit and localized. We provide a detailed empirical study of the global pharmaceutical industry and find not only that demand is as important as technological knowledge in determining the pattern of innovation in this industry but also that innovation is a locally determined phenomenon. These findings contribute to research regarding determinants of innovations and provide an explanation for geographic patterns of innovation that is distinct from technological knowledge spillovers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

信息技术产业与汽车工业耦合发展评价研究

汽车产业是一个传统行业。以互联网为代表的信息技术产业的发展,以及谷歌、苹果等科技巨头开始对汽车产业的涉足,为汽车产业的发展提供了全新的机会,这使得信息技术产业与汽车产业呈现了耦合的态势。尽管在制造、售后等环节我国汽车制造企业与国外汽车制造企业的差距正在逐年缩小,但是在产品开发、智能制造等环节,依然是目前我国汽车企业最为薄弱的环节。按照产业耦合理论,我们将两个产业的耦合程度,按照由弱到强的关系,分为无耦合、低度耦合、中度耦合、高度耦合四个阶段,本文将通过信息技术产业与汽车产业的数据,对二者的耦合程度、可持续发展性进行全面研究,以便达到为我国汽车产业与信息技术产业的耦合找到可行路径的目标。     

技术创新演进中我国工业企业低碳转型模式初探

在全球大力发展低碳经济的背景下,研究我国工业企业低碳生产转型,成为衡量工业现代化建设水平的重要标准之一。在技术创新的演进中,本文通过文献梳理,提出企业管理者、企业类型、企业规模、能源消耗、技术能力、政府参与和ISO14000环境管理都是显著影响企业低碳技术使用意愿和行为的主要因素,初步探明我国工业企业低碳生产转型模式。为今后的深入研究奠定理论和政策基础。     

基于转变经济发展方式的产业链动态演进

本文基于转变经济发展方式要求,从理论和实践上对产业链动态演进的内涵和演进趋势进行了初步研究,并结合典型企业分析和总结了产业链从初级向高级动态演进的趋势:形成初期的纵向生产链、形成中期的配套协作链、加快发展期的循环生产链、成熟期的供应关系链、蜕变期的文化价值链。基于产业链动态演进规律,本文提出了新时期产业链动态演进的趋势及其相关建议。     

The Role of Public and Private Protection in Disruptive Innovation: The Automotive Industry and the Emergence of Low‐Emission Vehicles

In the automotive industry, the need to move toward more sustainable trajectories of innovation has received much attention. Car manufacturers have started to develop lower emission alternatives for the internal combustion engine, particularly electric, hybrid, and fuel‐cell vehicles. They face the challenge, however, of how to make a potentially disruptive, systemic, and societally embedded technology such as a low‐emission vehicle attractive to mainstream customers. While literature has suggested that companies can empower the initial stages of disruptive innovation by creating protected spaces themselves and/or by taking advantage of such spaces created by public actors, the specific role of these different types of protection levers—private and/or public—has remained unclear. This article therefore investigates to what extent and how private and public protection levers affect firm‐level strategies to increase the attractiveness of disruptive and systemic innovations to mainstream customers. This is explored empirically through a multiple case study of the emergence of low‐emission vehicles within three car manufacturers—Daimler, General Motors, and Toyota—in the context of European, Japanese, and U.S. policies. The empirical analysis is conducted on a data set consisting of more than 9000 articles from two trade magazines, a car magazine and a financial newspaper for the period of 1997–2010. As main findings, the article identifies regulation, tax incentives, and public–private partnerships as the public protection levers that impose or stimulate “new” performance metrics such as fuel economy and vehicle emissions. It also finds that resource allocation, niche occupation, and collaboration‐integration act as the main private protection levers. In addition, two protection levers emerge from the data that are rather prominent in this context: the use of regulation imposing large‐scale commercialization of low‐emission vehicles and dumping of products in the market below cost price. The article concludes with two different protection trajectories—a public protection trajectory and a private protection trajectory—which explain how car manufacturers leverage the various protection levers to deal with disruptive technology. The main implication of the two trajectories is that while the public protection trajectory stalled due to the systemic, socially embedded technological impediments of electric vehicles and fuel‐cell vehicles, the private protection trajectory picked up the remains of the public protection trajectory and has gained momentum, continuing until today.     

Organizational Innovation in the Apparel Industry

The traditional mass production process in apparel manufacturing is contrasted with innovative techniques based on teamwork and greater employee participation. Although economic forces have encouraged the spread of innovative work organization, so far, these techniques have been implemented only within traditional human resource strategies that maintain sharp distinctions between production workers, on the one hand, and managers, supervisors, and engineers, on the other.     

向“心脏”动刀

菱电公司燃油喷射电控单元的问世,虽然没有给自己带来滚滚财源,却让该领域的世界霸主博世把价格从4800元降到了2000元左右。     

即发集团创新与转型研究

中国青岛即发集团近年来结合企业实际,努力探索实现企业增长方式转型、发展模式创新的具体操作方式,走出一条符合中国企业实际、具有中国特色的发展低碳企业经济的新路。即发集团从容应对世界金融危机带来的重大影响,展现了中国企业的风采;高举"企业社会责任"的大旗,赢得了国内外客户和消费者的信任;确立从2010年算起,三到五年实现企业营业收入突破百亿元,成为中国最有竞争力的现代化企业的更高发展目标。     

Innovation and Merger Decisions in the Pharmaceutical Industry

There is increasing public policy concern about the potentialeffects of mergers on innovation. This paper provides acomparative analysis of approaches to innovational competitiontaken by the E.U. and U.S. merger authorities in a sample of threerecent, major, pharmaceutical mergers. The European Commission'sapproach appears lighter handed and places more explicit emphasison effects in downstream markets. The uncertainties in the analysisof dynamic effects of mergers on innovation, even in pharmaceuticals,suggest the need for a cautious approach and for careful framingof any merger remedies where R & D projects and components, ratherthan approved drugs, are involved.     

企业文化变革与创新——“变革中的电力企业文化”专题交流讨论会侧记

2006年10月13日下午,在中国职工之家三层多功能厅“全国电力行业企业管理经验交流会暨2006中国电力企业管理论坛”上,以“变革中的电力企业文化”为主题的“文化大餐”在这里拉开了帷幕。这是相关电力论坛上首次采用专家、企业嘉宾与主持人和会议代表互动交流讨论的一次尝试,参加讨论的16位企业嘉宾和3位专家及主持人,紧扣企业文化建设与创新的主题,在互动过程中,生动体现了电力企业文化理念的精彩提炼、建设过程的高度总结、传统特色的丰富演绎和文化内核的深刻点评,把电力企业文化建设与创新活动推向了一个新高度,对电力企业文化落地和企…     

2005年世界和中国石化工业综述

尽管受原油价格高涨等因素影响,2005年世界经济增长较上年有所放缓,但世界石油石化工业仍处于景气上升阶段,呈现继续增长态势:全球石油产量保持稳定,石化产品需求继续增加,主要石化公司盈利普遍增长;乙烯生产能力持续增长;世界石化生产基地明显东移,在亚洲与中东的投资稳步推进;跨国石油公司趋向巨型并购,私有资本在并购领域相当活跃;主要替代能源在石化领域的开发利用前景看好.2005年中国经济持续快速增长引领国内石油石化行业生产与消费的增长:油气产量稳步上升,主要石化产品产量位于世界前列,生产与效益再创新高.同时,我们也应看到,在石油石化投资主体多元化发展、新一轮石油石化投资高涨的情况下,某些领域的建设较为集中,投资风险开始显现的问题不容忽视.     

中国新能源汽车产业创新系统功能演化研究--兼论政府措施的作用

新能源汽车产业是中国重点发展的七大战略性新兴产业之一,剖析其创新系统的发展与完善过程,识别发展过程中的影响因素,并了解政府在这一演化过程中如何进行介入和引导,对新能源汽车以及其他新兴产业的发展具有重要的理论与实践价值。本文以创新系统功能理论为基础,构建了针对中国新能源汽车产业创新系统演化分析的功能框架,剖析了中国新能源汽车产业创新系统功能体系的发展与完善过程,同时讨论了政府措施在这一过程中的引导与支撑作用。研究发现,中国新能源汽车产业创新体系正处于快速完善阶段,知识获取、产业制度体系建设等功能已经成熟,而基础设施与支撑平台建设、产业链整合与升级以及正向外部性创造等功能仍有待于进一步完善。同时发现,这一过程中政府采取的各种措施与产业发展过程中遇到的阻碍因素密切相关,措施的类型与着力点也随着各种阻碍因素的出现不断变化,发挥了积极的引导作用。     

全球乙烯工业最新发展动态

未来五年,全球乙烯需求年均增长率将提高到4.3%,乙烯生产能力年增长率将达到5.4%.到2010年,全球乙烯的供应量将达到1.33亿吨,新增生产能力主要集中在亚洲(36%)和中东(51%).到2010年,预计中东的乙烯生产能力将占全球总生产能力的20%.2005～2010年全球以乙烷为原料生产乙烯的年增长速度为7.1%.由于新增乙烯生产能力将在2009～2010年投产,届时全球乙烯生产能力的利用率将降至87.5%～88.5%.目前,新建的乙烯装置采用许多先进的设计.对已建装置来说,不进行巨大投资也可提高装置运行性能,有效的方法包括:改变石脑油的终馏点;避免油泥进入石脑油和裂解炉;采用在线设备监测设备运转状态;在线添加化学添加剂;水力学脱瓶颈.     

世界经济格局演变中的国际货币格局调整

世界经济发展史表明世界经济格局的演变必然会引起国际货币格局的相应变化,然而历史也同样表明,二者的演变与调整并非协调一致。文章以世界经济格局演变为线索来分析国际货币格局调整的轨迹。在此基础上,对货币格局的调整趋势做出预测,概括出世界经济格局演变中的国际货币格局调整的特征,针对国际货币格局调整得出相应的结论和启示。     

中国工业的技术创新

随着工业化的不断深化,技术创新的关键性作用日益突出。由于中国是一个发展中国家,产业转移是推动我国产业发展的强大动力。所以迄今为止,我国大多数产业的技术来源主要都是西方国家的产业技术扩散。但是,中国不能长期处于低端产业、低附加值的国际分工地位。要形成持续的竞争力和保持持续增长的空间,就必须在技术创新上有新的作为,即把产业发展的基点放在技术创新,特别是发展具有自主知识产权以至拥有核心技术的基础之上。丰富的劳动力资源是我国产业发展的一大优势,但对技术进步而言则是一个影响比较复杂的因素。中国产业技术的选择不能不反映劳动力丰富这一重要的资源禀赋条件,又不能使巨大的劳动力就业压力成为抑制中国产业技术进步的消极因素,影响中国产业顺应世界产业技术发展的基本线路,实现向高层次、高技术价值链的推进和升级。这是中国产业技术创新过程中的一个具有重大战略意义的问题。在传统计划经济体制下,推动我国产业技术进步的主体是政府。改革开放以来,企业在技术创新和技术进步过程中的作用逐步增强。这不仅表现为自20世纪90年代中期以来,我国的R&D支出持续增长,而且表现为企业逐步成为技术创新的主体。中国工业以至中国经济未来的发展前途将越来越依赖于技术创新,以技术创新推动工业     

Industry Platforms and Ecosystem Innovation

This paper brings together the recent literature on industry platforms and shows how it relates to managing innovation within and outside the firm as well as to dealing with technological and market disruptions and change over time. First, we identify distinct types of platforms. Our analysis of a wide range of industry examples suggests that there are two predominant types of platforms: internal or company‐specific platforms, and external or industry‐wide platforms. We define internal (company or product) platforms as a set of assets organized in a common structure from which a company can efficiently develop and produce a stream of derivative products. We define external (industry) platforms as products, services, or technologies that act as a foundation upon which external innovators, organized as an innovative business ecosystem, can develop their own complementary products, technologies, or services. Second, we summarize from the literature general propositions on the design, economics, and strategic management of platforms. Third, we review the case of Intel and other examples to illustrate the range of technological, strategic, and business challenges that platform leaders and their competitors face as markets and technologies evolve. Finally, we identify practices associated with effective platform leadership and avenues for future research to deepen our understanding of this important phenomenon and what firms can do to manage platform‐related competition and innovation.     

The Effects of Supplier Involvement and Knowledge Protection on Product Innovation in Customer–Supplier Relationships: A Study of Global Automotive Suppliers in China

Globalization drives firms to develop product innovation through their global supply chains. While innovations generated by supply channel members, as opposed to individual partners, are playing an increasingly important role in the success of all supply chain partners, there has been limited research on how supply chain relationships cultivate the process of such innovation generation, particularly in emerging markets. Correspondingly, this study explores how multinational suppliers can develop adaptive product innovation to create competitive advantage in emerging markets. Drawing on the knowledge‐based view and transaction cost economics, this study investigates the influence of supplier involvement and other factors on supplier innovation and performance. The results of a survey of 170 multinational automobile suppliers in China provide support for most of the hypotheses. Specifically, supplier involvement in codesign has an inverted U‐shaped relationship with product innovation. Furthermore, knowledge protection, trust, and technological uncertainty are all found to drive greater product innovation. In addition, the institutional environment moderates the effect of product innovation on performance. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of how MNEs can acquire local knowledge and develop adaptive products in emerging markets.